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System Structure

The Netherlands has an exceptionally high standard of state-funded education and full-time schooling is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16/17. Primary education (basisschool) is attended from age 4 or 5 to age 12 and covers eight grades (or groeps) of schooling. Following primary education, students are placed within three branches of secondary education (middelbare scholen), according to vocation and aptitude. The type of secondary education assigned to pupils is determined by the final grade 8 examination results and the advice of the grade 8 teacher. Students stay in secondary school until they have gained a diploma at age 18, when they can then choose to enter higher education. The education system is governed by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap).

Academic Year

Academic terms in the Netherlands exist only at higher education level (from September to June). State schools are free to set their yearly timetables and major school holidays have staggered start times according to region, making it easier for Dutch families to travel outside of busy times.

The school day begins at 8.30 am and ends at around 3 pm, Monday to Friday, although again, schools have a degree of autonomy in how they organise their timetables. Most primary schools are closed on Wednesday afternoons.

Higher Education

The Netherlands has one of the oldest and most highly-regarded systems of higher education in the world, with some institutions dating back to the 16^th century. Five Dutch universities feature in the top 100 of the QS World University Rankings, with the highest places being taken by The University of Amsterdam (55^th) and the Delft University of Technology (64^th). Dutch higher education is state-funded and divided into two types of education; research-oriented degrees offered by research universities (universiteiten, WO) and ‘higher professional’ degrees offered by universities of applied sciences (hogescholen, HBO), which prepare students for specific arts or science-based careers. There are 14 research universities and 41 universities of applied sciences. The type of university students choose depends on the diploma they gained at secondary school.

Funding

The standard annual tuition fee for all Dutch and EU students is €2,314 for the academic year 2023-2024. (£1,991), but can be higher for more specialised courses. In some circumstances, students from the EU can also apply for Dutch state grants.

Students from outside the EU will pay between €6,000 and €12,000 per year. There are a variety of scholarships options available to these students such as the Holland Scholarship, which is financed by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.

Courses

All university courses (WO and HBO) are divided into a bachelor-masters system. A HBO Bachelor’s degree takes four years to complete and a WO degree around three years. A Master’s degree can take up to two years, depending on the course of study. Dutch universities are popular among international students, as more than 1,500 courses are taught entirely in English, ranging from short training seminars to Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programmes. The Netherlands has the largest offering of English-taught degree programmes in continental Europe, outside of the UK. Students can apply to university in the Netherlands through the Studielink portal, which tells you if your qualifications are suitable.

Research

The Netherlands is recognised worldwide for the high standard of its research-led institutions, which place great emphasis on furthering research traditions. The country’s universities have produced a wealth of Nobel Prize winners and world-leading scientists. The national research council, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), receives over €400million per year from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. The organisation funds top researchers and aims to further Dutch innovation and progress in science.

Primary and Secondary Education

Primary school education (basisscholen) is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 12. Pupils follow a core curriculum of Dutch, science, maths, and English, with many learning other foreign languages from an early age. Primary school has eight grades, groep 1 (group 1) through to groep 8 (group 8) and is free to all children, regardless of nationality, although parents are expected to make an annual contribution to extra-curricular activities. On reaching groep 8 (aged 12) students are required to sit the ‘Cito final test of primary education’ (Citotoets), the results of which will determine their route into secondary education.

Secondary education is divided into three branches as follows:

• VMBO (Voorbereidend Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs): pre-vocational secondary education, for students wishing to enter a vocational career.
• HAVO (Hoger Algemeen Voortgezet Onderwijs): Senior general secondary education, for students who wish to prepare for a Bachelor’s degree at university.
• VWO (Voorbereidend Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs): pre-university education for those wishing to take a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree at university.

The curriculum at all types of secondary school is basically the same for the first three years before students branch off into more specialised subjects. English is a compulsory subject throughout all types of secondary education.

Pre-school

Children can attend pre-school (peuterspeelzaal) in the Netherlands from between age two-and-a-half to age four or five, when they begin primary school. Pre-school education is provided Monday to Friday for 3 or 5 hours (according to parents’ wishes) and the cost is split between parents, their employers, and the government. Parental contributions to pre-school education are means-tested according to income. Children attending Dutch pre-school follow a programme of play-centred education, sports, and music.

Geographical Variation

The cost of living in the Netherlands has risen steadily in recent years, especially since the adoption of the Euro in 2002. However, in comparison with many other European countries – such as the UK – it still offers a relatively cheap lifestyle. Property prices and rents can be high in the larger cities, mainly due to the country’s large population and relative lack of affordable housing. The Netherlands also has some of the highest income taxes in the world, with top earners paying up to 52% above the tax threshold. However, the average monthly salary of €2178 (£1,533.37) after tax is correspondingly high, and expats moving to the Netherlands will enjoy an excellent standard of living.

Accommodation

Property prices in the Netherlands have fluctuated since the global economic downturn in 2008 and with such a dense population, competition for attractive homes is fierce, particularly in Amsterdam and The Hague. There are no restrictions on foreign nationals purchasing property in the Netherlands, however, getting a mortgage may be difficult for first-time buyers on middle to low incomes.

Although the Dutch are a nation of homeowners, the majority of expats moving to the Netherlands choose to rent a property. Rental prices have rocketed in recent years, due to the market being flooded by residents who now cannot afford to buy. A small one bedroom apartment in the centre of Amsterdam can set you back around €1,204.87 (£1,036.83)/month. Again, with a lack of affordable rental properties available, many are taken before they are even advertised. The best way to find a rental property is through an estate agent used to dealing with expats such as Dutch Real Estate or Funda.

Most landlords ask for a security deposit (borg) of one to two month’s rent. Tenancy agreements can be indefinite or for a fixed time period. The tenant usually has to give one month’s notice before leaving the property.

Property Tax

There are a variety of property taxes homeowners must pay, such as the real estate tax (onroerendezaakbelasting) which is based on the value of the property, the refuse collection tax (afvalstoffenheffing – AFV) and two water taxes covering maintenance and a pollution levy. For renters, these taxes are divided between the landlord and tenant or paid wholly by the tenant.

Utilities

The cost of utilities in the Netherlands depends on your usage, but prices are high in comparison to other European countries. The energy market was privatised in 2002 and there are a number of companies to choose from, most offering combined gas and electricity packages. The exception to this is water, where each property has a single designated supplier. Access to the internet is widely available in the Netherlands and most communications companies offer a range of broadband, phone, and TV packages.

The basic cost of utilities (gas, water, electricity, refuse) for an 85m² apartment is around €162.74 (£114) per month. Broadband, phone and TV packages start at around €27 (£19) per month.

TV Licence

There is no TV licence fee in the Netherlands, although public channels are limited. Since 2000, The Netherlands Public Broadcasting has been funded by government subsidy and advertising. Most households now opt for cable or satellite TV.

Healthcare and medical costs

The healthcare system in the Netherlands underwent major reform in 2006 and is now funded entirely through private insurance. This is in stark contrast with most other European countries, where funding for healthcare is based on a national health system or single payment. However, the standard of Dutch healthcare is exceptionally high and insurance companies are tightly regulated by the government. Health insurance is mandatory for all residents and is divided into two levels:

• Zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw), often called ‘basic insurance’ and covers standard medical care.
• Wet Langdurige Zorg (WLZ) covers long-term nursing and care.

Private insurance companies in the Netherlands must offer a core universal package for primary care, which includes the cost of all prescription medicines. The cost of a basic insurance package is around €120-€150 (£103.29-£129.11) per month with another social healthcare contribution taken from income. Whether to take out Dutch health insurance depends on the length of your stay. Those from the EU can access emergency treatment through a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) and expats from outside the EU must have a private international health insurance policy. Expats (EU and Non-EU) are required to take out a mandatory Dutch healthcare policy on becoming resident in the country. For more information consult the Dutch government website here.

Shopping

The Netherlands has a wide variety of large department stores and supermarket chains, as well as specialist independent retailers, which are often more expensive. As well as Dutch supermarket chains such as Albert Heijn and Vomar, you will also find the German discount stores Aldi and Lidl. Major UK food and clothing retailer, Marks and Spencer, also have branches in Amsterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. Most Dutch people like to shop for their groceries each day at independent cheese, bread, or butcher shops, and browsing some of the Netherlands’ many delicatessens is a good way to spend a Saturday! The cost of groceries is low in comparison to some Western European countries such as the UK and France. Shoppers should be aware that stores are generally open until 6pm, with very limited hours on Sundays.

Sales Tax

The Dutch VAT or sales tax rate for most goods and services is currently set at 21%. In the Netherlands, there are also two exceptional rates: the 9% rate and the 0% rate (zero rate).

Price Guide

• Rent 1-bedroom apartment in city centre – €1,204.87 (£1,039.01)
• Rent 1-bedroom apartment outside city centre – €968.82 (£835.45)
• Price of apartment per square metre in city centre – €5,016.38 (£4,325.63)
• Price of apartment per square metre outside city centre – €3,675.66 (£3,169.24)
• Loaf of bread – €1.72 (£1.48)
• Milk (1 litre) – €1.10 (£0.95)
• Bottled water (1.5 litre) – €0.69 (£0.59)
• Draught beer (0.5 litre) – €1.17 (£1.01)
• Packet of cigarettes – €8.20 (£7.07)
• Petrol (1 litre) – €2.04 (£1.76)
• Cinema ticket – €12.00 (£10.34)

Source: www.numbeo.com (accessed August 2023)

Budgeting and Savings

There are a number of price comparison sites that help consumers save, such as Verelijk. Food shopping at discount supermarkets such as Aldi or Lidl, and renting an apartment outside of city centres can also significantly cut costs.

Driving

The Netherlands has one of the most extensive road networks in the world, with well-maintained motorways (autosnelweg) and dual carriageways. All roads are toll-free and over a quarter have dedicated cycle tracks. Drivers will encounter a large number of cyclists on most roads, particularly in cities where bicycles significantly outnumber cars. With its large population and small size, you can expect heavy traffic congestion on Dutch roads, both in cities on and the motorway.

Cars drive on the right in the Netherlands. Speed limits on motorways are 130km/h (80mph), 100km/h (60 mph) on dual carriageways, and 50km/h (30mph) in built-up areas. It is compulsory to carry a driving licence, car registration papers, and insurance documents while driving. Drivers from an EU member state can use their European Driving Licence, those from outside the EU who intend to stay in the country must exchange their licence for a Dutch one.

Taxis

Taxis are widely available in the Netherlands, and are useful when the public transport system shuts down at night. Taxis can be hailed in the street, although beware that they are not permitted to stop where they like so it is better to find a designated taxi rank. Fares are calculated on a meter and the driver will give you a receipt at the end of your journey.

Buses and Coaches

The Netherlands has a well-organised bus network which offers a cheap way of getting around towns and cities. Most services run every 10-30 minutes. All public transport in the Netherlands, including buses, metro, trams, and some trains is paid for using the OV-chipkaart swipecard system. There are two types of chipcard; ‘anonymous’, which anyone can buy from one of the OV-chipkaart machines situated in bus and train stations, or ‘personal’, which you can apply for online. You swipe your card in a machine on boarding and getting off public transport.

The Netherlands has an excellent rail network so coaches are often overlooked as a viable travel option. However, it is possible to travel cross-country by coach, which is a cheaper alternative to trains. You can also travel to and around the Netherlands from other European countries by coach, tickets can be booked through Eurolines.

Trains

The rail network in the Netherlands is well-developed and efficient, offering an affordable and convenient way to travel around this small country. Intercity and local trains (stoptreinen) run regularly, allowing passengers to easily reach any part of the country within a matter of hours. A high-speed rail service is available from Amsterdam, Schiphol, via The Hague and Rotterdam to Belgium and Paris, on the Thalys or TVG trains. All train tickets must be purchased prior to travelling, and most stations now accept the OV chipkaart (see above). You can check timetables and book online at Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Netherlands Railways)

Trams and light rail

Trams are popular in the Netherlands and are seen as an eco-friendly mode of transport. Tram systems are in operation in Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, and Utrecht and they run from 6am until around midnight. Amsterdam also has a mixed metro and light rail network, with three routes connecting Amsterdam Central station to the outer suburbs. Rotterdam also operates a metro system, consisting of two lines.

Air travel

Amsterdam Schiphol International Airport is the Netherland’s main international airport. It is one of the busiest airports in the world in terms of passenger traffic, with connections worldwide. Eindhoven International Airport and Groningen Airport also provide European and domestic connections. The largest airline is KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) which flies to 130 destinations around the world.

The Netherlands is a small country so there are only a couple of domestic airlines that provide internal connections, including KLM’s Cityhopper which connects Amsterdam, Eindhoven, and Maastricht. However, most visitors choose to get around the country by train, coach, or car.

Other ways to get around

Cycling is the transport of choice in the Netherlands, a country with more bicycles than residents. They say there is no happier cyclist than the Dutch cyclist, and this is probably true – the Netherlands has a vast network of wide cycle lanes, row upon row of bicycle parking facilities, and flat roads, making it a cyclist’s paradise. Bike rental shops, such as Yellow Bike in Amsterdam, can be found in every village, town, and city.

Another great way to see the country is to take advantage of the Netherland’s hundreds of canals and waterways by renting a boat, canoe, or ‘water bike’ (pedalo). Regular ferries also connect Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and the Hook of Holland with the UK.

Working hours

Under Dutch law, you are allowed to work a maximum of nine hours a day and 45 hours a week. A quirk of the legislation stipulates that employees can only work a maximum of 2,080 hours a year, which equates to a 40 hour week. Dutch workers tend to follow a Monday to Friday week with the working day starting at 9am and finishing at 6pm. Workers are entitled to take two 15 minute breaks and a 90 minute lunch break. Many workers opt to work through their breaks and eat lunch at their desks so they can leave at 5pm. It is rare to see Dutch people working late into the night or at the weekend.

Holidays

Holiday entitlement in the Netherlands is on a par with most European countries with workers being eligible to 20 to 25 days of holiday a year. The Dutch usually take most of their holidays off in the summer with July and August often being referred to as ‘dead months’ for businesses. All workers are entitled to holiday pay. Maternity and parental leave is protected under the Work and Care Act which aims to promote a work-life balance for parents. It is illegal to turn a woman down for a job just because she is pregnant. Employees are entitled to 16 weeks’ maternity leave on full pay, by law.

Public holidays

There are nine public holidays in the Netherlands. Although not national holidays, the two Second World War Remembrance Days are often marked by closing shops and businesses.

Public holiday dates

New Year’s Day: 1st January

Good Friday: 29th March

Easter Sunday: 31st March

Easter Monday: 10st April

King’s Day: 27th April

Liberation Day: 5th May

Ascension Day: 9th May

Whit Monday: 20th May

Christmas Day: 25th December

St Stephens Day: 26th December

Visas and eligibility

EU citizens, with some exceptions, are permitted to travel to the Netherlands without additional documentation thanks to the freedom of movement within the European Union. Depending on your nationality, for stays of up to 90 days, you will probably need a Schengen visa, unless you are just passing through, in which case you can apply for a transit visa in your home country. If you want to stay longer than 90 days you need to apply for a ‘machtiging tot voorlopig verblijf’ or an MVV. Different rules apply for people from different countries but to apply for a visa you can visit a Dutch mission (embassy) in the country where you live. Dutch people cannot apply for a visa on your behalf. Schengen visas and transit visas cost around €80 (£68.96) with child visas costing €40 (£34.48).

Tax

In the Netherlands, the tax year runs from 1 January to 31 December. Citizens must file their tax return before 1 April for the previous year. Income tax is regulated by the Income Tax Law 2001 and comprises a basic pension and national insurance contributions. Income tax rates are famously high in the Netherlands, with those earning over €73,031 (£62,933.17) paying up to 49.5% in tax. If you are moving to the Netherlands to work in a highly skilled area you may be eligible for the 30% Tax Facility, also known as the 30% Ruling, which allows employers to compensate expat workers for the cost of moving to the country. You need to have permission from the Tax and Customs Administration to apply. If you are eligible, you may also apply for non-resident taxpayer status which can have additional advantages. One of these being that non-EU expats can receive a Dutch driving licence without the need to retake their test.

Pensions

Pensions in the Netherlands are known as the ‘Three Pillars’ comprised of a basic pension residents receive when they are 65 (likely to rise to 67 by 2023), a labour-based pension which is negotiated with an employer, and an annuity, where individuals contribute to an insurance plan which are often used as a tax break. The Dutch principle for pensions is that the amount should be close to a worker’s final salary. In 2014 the basic pension (Algemene Ouderdomswet, AOW), contributions were 17.9% of the gross salary. The amount of pension you receive will depend on your earnings and your final salary. Your final figure may be reduced if you move out of the Netherlands and return later.

Benefits

The Dutch social security system is accessible to expats, with unemployment and incapacity support among the benefits that can be claimed depending on individual circumstances. The law states that unemployment benefits are paid at 75% of your last wage. After two months out of work, this is reduced to 70%. To be eligible for unemployment benefits you need to have worked a minimum of 26 out of 36 weeks before you apply for support. Other benefits include childcare, tax credits, and rent allowance, depending on income and the value of the property. Visit the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment website for more details.

Disability

The rights of disabled people in the Netherlands are enshrined in the Dutch Constitution. Since 2003, with the Act on Equal Treatment of Disabled and Chronically Ill People, employers have been legally bound to make suitable adaptations to help disabled workers. The Dutch care system provides broad support for disabled people, including those suffering from mental and psychological problems, through its laws and care facilities across the country.

Organisational Structure

The business structure in the Netherlands is considered to be one of the flattest and most egalitarian in the world. There is a deep-rooted system of industrial democracy in place, where everyone has a right to contribute to overall decision-making. Business is seen as a team effort and respect is acquired through diligence, transparent communication channels, and a commitment to consensus within the team.

The Netherlands has the 18th largest economy in the world and is also one of the richest nations, in terms of GDP per capita. The country has a long history of successful international trade and is home to some of the world’s most famous brands, such as Shell Oil, Unilever, and Philips.

Management Style

Dutch managers are rarely authoritarian and instead prefer to be seen as the person who holds influence with other managers, rather than the decision-maker-in-chief. In adherence to the national culture of consensus and equality, managers consider the opinions of each member of their team. This open style promotes transparency when it comes to making business decisions and underhand tactics are widely discouraged.

Formality

Business tends to be informal, yet highly professional in the Netherlands. In some professions, such as law, medicine, or academia, formal titles are often used but in general, colleagues arrive at first-name terms quickly. No matter how formal a meeting or business setting is, Dutch people express their opinions openly and directly.

Relationships

Dutch people are incredibly tolerant, friendly, and used to doing business with foreigners. In building business relationships, it is important to demonstrate how you can be mutually successful in an honest and direct way. Although co-workers are seen as equal and business relationships can be informal, and injected with humour, Dutch people prefer to leave their private lives outside the business environment and would not welcome ‘over-friendliness.’ It is also important to remember that family and personal time is very important in the Netherlands so try to keep appointments within designated business hours.

Dress Code

Business attire in the Netherlands depends on the industry or profession. In more formal professions Dutch men usually wear a smart suit, shirt, and tie and women a smart business dress, or trouser suit. Casual dress, such as jeans and a smart shirt or top is acceptable in some more laid-back professions such as marketing or IT. Remember that many people cycle to work so business attire is often practical and easily tied down with bicycle clips! Due to the heavy rainfall in the Netherlands, it is probably best to carry an umbrella and raincoat.

Greetings

A firm handshake is the accepted greeting in a Dutch business setting, for men and women. This is particularly true if meeting for the first time, kissing, and hugging would not be acceptable between strangers. A handshake saying goodbye at the end of a meeting is also good practice. However, for those who know each other in a social situation, kissing three times (between women and women and women and men, not men and men) the ‘Dutch Three Kisses,’ is the cultural norm. If involved in some Dutch kissing, ensure you follow the correct rules – air kisses (not wet smackers!) first on the right cheek, then left, then right again.

Punctuality

The Dutch are good timekeepers and being on time to meetings is expected. Although lateness is sometimes inevitable, it’s best to call ahead if you are going to be more than five to ten minutes late. Being punctual with the delivery of goods or services is also expected in a Dutch commercial relationship so you should always try to keep to deadlines.

Meetings

Inevitably, consensus-building and a broad teamwork approach means long meetings, where everyone is given sufficient opportunity to have their say and contribute to proceedings. Meetings are forums for open and frank debate and participants stay until the issues have been discussed and, hopefully, resolved. Dutch business meetings generally follow a pre-agreed agenda and there is usually an independent minute-taker tasked with keeping the meeting moving along. It is important to understand that Dutch people communicate in a frank, and often blunt, manner and expect participants to be as direct as them. This should not be misunderstood as rudeness, and indeed it is unusual to hear raised voices in even the most forthright meetings.

Cultural Sensitivity

Dutch people have a direct approach to business, as in other areas of life, so it is important to avoid being pretentious or arrogant. Obvious self-promotion would be met with distaste in a business setting. It is important that any success in business is attributed to the team rather than assumed by any individual. Although Dutch people favour an open and frank communication style, commenting on someone’s private issues or their appearance in a business or social setting would be seen as highly offensive.

Business Language

Most business in the Netherlands is done in Dutch. However, Dutch people are masters of foreign languages, particularly English, German, and French, and can negotiate successfully in these languages easily. It is not uncommon for an entire meeting with multiple participants, to be carried out in English should a non-Dutch speaker be present.

System Structure

Norway has an excellent education system and the level of general education among adults is considered to be one of the highest in the world. Education is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 16 and is divided into primary school and lower secondary school. This ten-year compulsory period is known as ‘grunnskole’. Following grunnskole students can choose to continue their education at upper secondary school, where they will aim to meet the requirements of admission to university or to leave education with a vocational qualification. The different municipalities are responsible for the provision of education and schools in their area. Education is free for all children in Norway, up to and including university.

Academic year

The academic year is divided into two semesters; Autumn (mid-August to December) and Spring (January to June). State school holidays comprise a week in the autumn, a fortnight at Christmas, a week’s winter holiday in February, and around a fortnight at Easter. Schools in Norway also have a compulsory ‘Ski Day,’ when children and teachers take to the hills and forests on cross-country skis. The school day starts at around 8.30 am and finishes at 2pm when pupils are encouraged to play sports and engage in outdoor pursuits and clubs.

Higher education

Norway has a well-regarded higher education system comprising eight universities, nine specialised institutions, 25 university colleges, two national academies of art, and several private higher education institutions. The highest-ranking institutions are the University of Oslo and the University of Bergen.

Overall responsibility for higher education rests with the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research which offers a wide range of scholarships and grants to help with the country’s high living costs.

Funding

Higher education is fully funded by the state in Norway, which is now one of the few European countries to have retained a system of ‘free education for all.’ Of the Nordic countries, Norway stands alone in offering free higher education to all students, regardless of nationality. Both home and foreign students are also able to apply for help with living costs through the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund.

Courses

Norway was one of the first countries in Europe to adhere to the Bologna Process, implementing a two-tier system comprising three-year undergraduate degrees and two-year Master’s degrees. Tuition is in Norwegian although a wide range of courses across all disciplines are now taught entirely in English. A PhD in Norway takes at least three years to complete and is fully funded – the majority of doctoral students receive a monthly salary. To find out more about admission requirements consult the Norway Universities and Colleges Admission Service.

Research

Norway is committed to investment in research to develop its strong knowledge-based economy. The country’s geographical location offers unique opportunities in marine research, environmental sciences, energy, and health and attracts scientists from all over the world. The Norwegian government also invests heavily in medicine, materials science, biotechnology, and communication research programmes. The Research Council of Norway – an agency of the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research – is responsible for awarding funding to universities and individual research programmes, as well as advising on research policy.

Primary and Secondary Education

All children are entitled to 13 years of free education, ten years of which are compulsory between the ages of six and 16 (known as ‘grunnskole’). Schools are divided into:

• Primary School (barneskole): from ages six to 13
• Lower Secondary school (ungdomsskole): from ages 13 to 16.
• Upper Secondary School (videregående skole): from ages 16 to 19. Upper secondary school is optional and is separated into academic study for those who wish to attend university or vocational study/apprenticeships for students who wish to enter the workforce upon completion of their education.

Preschool

There is no formal kindergarten period in Norway but preschool, nursery, or daycare (barnehage) is offered to children aged 0 to 5. Compulsory education is free in Norway but parents are required to pay a monthly fee for their children to attend preschool, which can be lower in state-run centres. Norwegian preschool places great emphasis on play-led learning and children spend much of their time outdoors, in all weathers.

Geographical Variation

According to Numbeo’s annual Cost of Living Survey, Norway is the fourth most expensive country in the world. Rents, food, and alcohol are particularly pricey and it is not unheard of to pay up to NOK 11,279.90 (£867.33) per month for a studio apartment in Oslo. However, newcomers can take comfort from the fact that the typical worker earns a higher salary (average NOK 614,000/£47,389.14 per month) in Norway than in any other country in the world, which helps to mitigate the high living costs. The most expensive areas to live in are Oslo, Bærem, Stavanger, and Bergen with living costs being lower in rural areas. Tourist areas near Norway’s fjords in the west of the country are very expensive and should be avoided long term.

Accommodation

The majority of Norwegians own their homes so the rental market is fairly limited, with most lettings agents catering to tourists and short-term lets. Consequently, suitable rental properties can be difficult to find in places like Oslo, Bergen, and Stavanger. Prospective expats are advised to search for property online at sites such as Finn or through newspaper classifieds before relocating to Norway. Despite the soaring costs of property in Norway, purchasing a home can sometimes work out cheaper than renting long-term. There are no restrictions on foreigners buying property in Norway and house purchase depends on mortgage eligibility.

Rental deposit

A deposit of up to six month’s rent is required at the beginning of your tenancy agreement. The landlord is required to put the deposit into an interest-bearing account until the tenant leaves the property.

Property tax

Property taxes are imposed by each municipality and are calculated according to the value of the property. Tax rates range from 0.2% to 0.7%, depending on the municipality. Local taxes for refuse removal and maintenance – the equivalent of ‘council tax’ in the UK – are generally included in your monthly rent.

Utilities

Norwegians use electricity rather than gas to heat their homes and there is a broad range of companies to choose from. Usage is at its peak during the harsh winter months, and, depending on the size of the property, new expats should be prepared for an eye-wateringly large bill at the end of the winter period. Water costs are kept low and tap water is safe to drink in Norway. Fast and reliable broadband is available in even the remotest areas and companies such as state-owned Telenor offer combined mobile and broadband packages.

The basic cost of utilities (gas, water, electricity, refuse) for an 85m² city centre apartment is around NOK 2,198.09 (£169.24) per month. Broadband starts at around NOK 554.89 (£42.72 ) per month.

Healthcare and medical costs

Norway’s healthcare system is ranked 11^th in the world by the World Health Organisation. Although health provision is heavily subsidised by the state, all residents over 16 must contribute through a graded national insurance scheme, whereby patients pay for healthcare through taxation and extra fees for visits to the doctor and other treatment up to a capped limit each year. When the limit has been reached all healthcare is free of charge for the rest of that calendar year. Expats of any nationality are required to pay into the national insurance scheme after being employed in Norway for more than one year.

Shopping

Norway offers a wide range of shopping options, from high-end department and homewares stores selling trendy Scandinavian furniture to smaller artisanal shops offering anything from jewellery to reindeer skins. However, everything comes at a price in Norway and a shopping trip can be prohibitively expensive. In terms of supermarkets, the biggest chains include Coop and Centra, and budget outlets such as KIWI (German discounters Aldi and Lidl have yet to gain ground in Norway). Alcohol is especially expensive and anything stronger than beer can only be purchased from the state-owned alcohol retailer Vinmonopolet.

Sales tax

A sales tax (VAT) of 25% is added to most goods and services in Norway. A reduced VAT rate applies to food, transport, and a range of other items.

Price guide

• Rent 1-bedroom apartment in city centre – NOK 11,279.90 (£869.03)
• Rent 1-bedroom apartment outside city centre – NOK 9,052.12 (£697.39)
• Price of apartment per square metre in city centre – NOK 69,066.33 (£5320.64)
• Price of apartment per square metre outside city centre – NOK 48,453.09 (£3,732.03)
• Loaf of bread – NOK 30.91 (£2.38)
• Milk (1 litre) – NOK 20.72 (£1.60)
• Bottled water (1.5 litre) – NOK 21.56 (£1.66)
• Draught beer (0.5 litre) – NOK 32.41 (£2.50)
• Packet of cigarettes – NOK 146.00 (£11.25)
• Petrol (1 litre) – NOK 21.34 (£1.64)
• Cinema ticket – NOK 150.00 (£11.56)

Source: www.numbeo.com (accessed August 2023)

Budgeting and saving

Norway is an expensive country where a mid-range restaurant meal with wine can set you back NOK 800 (£75) per head. It’s, therefore, a good idea to cook and entertain at home, buying groceries from inexpensive supermarkets such as Rema 1000 or KIWI. Another great way to save money is to follow the lead of 99% of Norwegians and take your own packed lunch (matpakke) to work, as buying sandwiches from shops and kiosks can cost at least NOK162 (£15) per day.

Driving

Driving is a great way to take in Norway’s wonderful scenery and roads are well maintained and congestion-free. Norwegians are known for their adherence to rules and driving is no exception –flouting of the strict traffic laws is punished by heavy fines. There are few motorways outside Oslo and most of the country is connected by a series of dual carriageways. Speed limits are 110 km/h (70mph) on some motorways and dual carriageways but are restricted to 80km/h (50mph) on the majority of roads. In built-up areas the speed limit is 50km/h (30mph) but can be as low as 30km/h (20 mph), so it’s a good idea to always be aware of road signs indicating the speed limit where you are.

Drivers from EU/EEA countries are permitted to drive in Norway without exchanging their licence. Those from outside the EU must exchange their licence by taking a practical exam after a year’s residency in the country.

Taxis

It has been said that taking a taxi in Norway is one of the world’s most expensive ways to travel. Taxis are privately operated and can charge what they like. For example, tourists have reported paying NOK 1000 (£92) for a 25km (15 mile) journey in Oslo. To cut costs, avoid taxis altogether and take advantage of Norway’s efficient, and cheaper, bus and train network.

Buses and coaches

Norway has an excellent public bus network that connects all cities and rural areas, offering a cheap way to travel. You can buy your ticket on board or purchase one-day or weekly passes from all bus and train stations. Inter-city coaches are also a comfortable and cheap way of getting around. Coaches are operated by private companies, the largest being Nor-way bussekspressen, which covers most of the country. Discounted tickets can be bought in advance online or at bus stations.

Trains

Norway has around 3,000 km of railway track, stretching from Oslo in the south up to above the Arctic Circle in the north. Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operate the modern train infrastructure, which includes efficient local trains as well as fast trains with sleeper compartments connecting all Norwegian cities and beyond to neighbouring countries.

Many train journeys offer breathtaking views of the Norwegian scenery. These include the 371 km (231 mile) Bergensbanen between Oslo and Bergen, which has been voted one of the best train rides in the world.

Trams and light rail

Oslo is the only city in Norway that has a metro system – known locally as the ‘T-Banen’ – which consists of six lines and 100 stations. The cities of Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim all have light rail/tram networks offering an efficient and cheap way to get around. Tickets for all metro and light rail networks can be purchased in railway and bus stations, where you can also buy discounted travel cards for use on all public transport in each city.

Air travel

There are 50 passenger airports in Norway, the largest and busiest being Oslo International Airport, which connects the country with hundreds of destinations around the world. Domestic air travel is well served, even in the most remote areas, however, it is expensive and those hoping for a cheaper journey should utilise the excellent train network instead. The national carrier is Norwegian with SAS and Wideroe also operating domestic and international flights from Oslo.

Other ways to get around

Norwegians are a seafaring people and, in a country where some fjords make car travel impossible, travelling by boat is a necessity rather than a choice. Car ferries and undersea tunnels carry passengers where roads cannot go and many people have to travel to work by ferry. A fantastic way to see Norway is to take a cruise with Hurtigruten, which operates ferries and steamers up and down the stunning coastline, offering glimpses of the elusive Aurora Borealis along the way.

Working hours

Norwegians typically work Monday to Friday and are supposed to do no more than 38 hours a week. However, many employees work longer hours, with some offices opening at 6 am and often not closing for the day until 6 pm. Employment laws surrounding parenthood are generous in comparison to some countries, particularly in terms of paternity leave. By law, a new mother must take nine weeks of paid leave after having a baby, while the father must take 14 weeks of paid leave before the child’s third birthday. Norway has a family-oriented culture so bosses are usually understanding about the need for parents to take paid leave days.

Holidays

Depending on the profession, most workers are entitled to at least 25 days of paid holiday per year in Norway. By law, employees must receive paid days off for national holidays with those receiving higher pay (usually double time) if they are required to work on the day in question. Norwegian employers are generally sympathetic to providing time off to workers for religious holidays, even if they are not nationally recognised events. The Sami tribe, for example, have their own celebrations which do not fall into the official national holiday calendar. However, it is not uncommon for Norwegian bosses to allow paid time off for any workers who acknowledge such events.

Public holidays

There are ten public holidays in Norway regulated by law as well as several – including Mother’s Day and Father’s Day – which are recognised by some regions. Seven of the national holidays are religious and the date can vary each year depending on the lunar cycle. There are also some ‘Flag Flying Days,’ such as Liberation Day, which is not an official holiday but flags are flown from public buildings and homes.

Public holiday dates

New Year’s Day: 1st January

Mother’s Day: 11th February

Maundy Thursday: 28th April

Good Friday: 29th March

Easter Monday: 1st April

Labour Day: 1st May

Constitution Day: 17th May

Ascension Day: 9th May

Whit Monday: 20th May

Father’s Day: 10th November

Christmas Day: 25th December

St Stephen’s Day: 26th December

Visas and eligibility

From January 1^st, 2010, Norway introduced a new Immigration Act which streamlined the process of applying for work and residency permits into one permit. The law also introduced the Early Work Start which means you can now start working in Norway before your application for a residence permit is granted.

As a rule of the new Act, parents must also prove they are able to support their families financially in Norway. Because Norway falls within the European Economic Area (EEA), jobseekers, students, and professionals from other EU/EEA countries can stay in the country without a permit or visa for up to three months. After this time a residence permit is required and expats of any nationality must sign the National Register (Folkeregisteret). For more information, consult the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI).

Tax

Norway has a reputation for being one of the most taxed countries in the world, with the tax burden being almost four times that of Hong Kong. VAT is also very high, sitting at around 25%. Tax (or Skatt), comprises VAT, income tax, and social security contributions and is collected by the central government. The tax year runs from January 1st to December 31^st and is managed by the Tax Administration or Skatteetaten. In general, the combined rate of tax is around 27% on all taxable income while higher salaries can be taxed an additional 12% above certain thresholds. The good news is that there are some tax reliefs on offer for expats, often including a reduction in national insurance contributions. For example, expats staying in Norway for less than two years can receive a 10% deduction on some taxes.

Benefits

The welfare state is a generous safety net in Norway if certain criteria are met. Sickness pay is especially generous, with employees receiving 100% of their salary for up to a year. Unemployment benefits are available for those who register with the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) but the recipient must prove they are actively applying for jobs. Expats can also request that rights in other EU/EEA countries are transferred to Norway. EU/EEA citizens who come to Norway can claim sickness benefits if they are working in the country. For expats who have contributed to the national insurance scheme, family benefits such as child benefit are available.

Pensions

The pension age in Norway starts at 62, which is lower than most Western countries. However, many Norwegians work in some capacity until they reach 67. To be entitled to a full pension, you must have lived and worked in Norway for 40 years. The amount of pension reduces depending on the number of years not working and living in the country. Due to the high cost of living in Norway, many pensioners choose to retire abroad, where even the Norwegian minimal state pension (Minstepensjon) can stretch further than in their native country. The amount a person receives as a state pension is determined by their earnings in their working lives. To find out how much you are entitled to, check with your local NAV office.

Disability

The Norwegian Association of Disabled (NAD) acts as the voice for people with disabilities. Norway is committed to equality for all workers, regardless of their disabilities. Therefore, workplaces and schools are encouraged to provide wheelchair access and employees are treated with respect and dignity. The influence of the NAD is significant, with the group having over 15,000 members, 250 branches, and a youth organisation. The rights of disabled people are also enshrined in the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act.

Organisational structure

Norway has a sophisticated and flourishing economy that relies on the country’s abundance of natural resources and heavy investment in telecommunications technology. Like other aspects of Norwegian culture, business structures adhere to the Law of Jante, whereby fairness, equality, and teamwork underpin all corporate activities. Organisations, therefore, have a very flat structure, where every worker’s opinion and input are valued equally.

Management style

Norwegian managers are seen as coaches or guides, rather than authoritarian figures. Decisions are generally made by management but only after a consensus has been reached with staff. Being deferent to superiors is not the norm – to a Norwegian, this behaviour would be seen as a trust issue and would make most managers feel uncomfortable. Indeed, challenging an ineffectual manager in a transparent way through open channels is commonplace in Norway. Norwegians are known for their honesty, so if there is a problem then it will be discussed at all levels of the business until a solution is found.

Formality

Business in Norway is generally conducted in a friendly, open, and informal atmosphere. Titles are quickly dispensed with after the first meeting. Managers are almost always addressed by their first names and it’s important that everyone feels at ease and part of the team.

Relationships

Norwegian workplaces are relaxed and flexible. However, Norwegians are also very goal-oriented and like to get on with the job so that they can get home to their families. Attempting to impress the boss by working long hours or being over-competitive would be viewed suspiciously. Norwegians are considered to be quite reserved and public displays of anger are rare. Teamwork is paramount in all business settings so it’s a good idea to show that you can work collaboratively with your Norwegian counterparts.

Dress Code

Business attire can be quite casual and jeans and t-shirts are acceptable in many workplaces. More ‘formal’ professions may require men to wear a smart suit, shirt, and tie and women either trousers or a skirt suit. Whatever the industry, it’s a good idea to be prepared for the extreme winter weather when leaving the office by investing in sturdy shoes and padded outerwear.

Greetings

Norwegians value their personal space and a handshake is the accepted greeting in a business setting. Touching or hugging would be considered odd and is usually reserved for friends and family.

Punctuality

Punctuality is highly valued in Norway and there is an unspoken rule that you should be on time. However, most workplaces allow for flexible working (called ‘flexitid’) where workers are expected to be at work between 10 am and 2 pm. If you have family commitments or are late due to a personal situation you will not be reprimanded – most managers are very understanding of people’s family commitments. If you are going to be late, it’s a good idea to call ahead, particularly if you are due at a meeting.

Meetings

Meetings are generally informal and everyone is given an opportunity to speak. Norwegians like to get to the point, so meetings don’t generally veer from the agenda or involve much small talk. However, reaching a consensual decision on the topic at hand is very important in a Norwegian business setting, so meetings tend to go on until everyone is happy with the outcome.

Cultural sensitivity

Norway is considered to be a class-free society and there are very few rich people and very few poor people. Any competitive behaviour or attempts at one-upmanship would therefore be frowned upon. Norwegians are also very patriotic and do not take kindly to being compared with their Scandinavian neighbours.

Business language

Most business is conducted in Norwegian. However, most people speak a very high level of English and can switch between languages in the presence of foreigners. Learning a few Norwegian greetings and phrases will help you to break the ice.