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System Structure

Japan has one of the most effective education systems in the world, with zero illiteracy and 100% enrolment in compulsory grades (ages 6-16). Nearly half of Japanese schoolchildren go onto university. High standards of work, both in quality and quantity, are expected from Japanese children both by their teachers and parents.

The Japanese education system is regulated by the Ministry of Education and is publicly funded, although private schools are becoming more popular at the upper secondary level (ages 16-18). School is compulsory for children aged 6-16, and is divided into primary, middle and upper secondary. Attendance at upper secondary school is not compulsory but 98% of students choose to continue their studies following middle school.

Academic Year

The academic year runs from April to the following March and is divided into three terms. Children have a six-week summer break and two weeks off in winter and spring.

The school day starts at 8 am and finishes around 3 pm, Monday to Friday (and some Saturdays). The majority of children attend after-school clubs and further learning until at least 5 pm most nights.

Higher Education

There are 807 universities in Japan, of which 80% are private. The higher education system in Japan is well regarded and many of the country’s universities feature in the top 30 of the QS World University Rankings. The most prestigious are the University of Tokyo (known as ‘Todai’) and the University of Kyoto, which are among the 20% of publicly-funded institutions in Japan. Students enrol by passing an entrance exam, rather than a grade point system, and competition to achieve the highest marks in the exam is intense. The Japanese Government aims to attract 300,000 international students to its universities by 2020. Measures to facilitate this include additional grants and scholarships being made available to foreign students and some courses taught in English. Certain courses will also start in September, bringing universities in line with Europe and America.

Funding

Japanese students pay annual tuition fees of around ¥535,800 (£2,868) with international students paying around £5,500 for both undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses while private universities can charge more. Partial and full tuition fee waivers are available to high-achieving students from poorer backgrounds. A wide range of scholarships are also available.

Courses

Most degrees are taught over four years, except medicine, veterinary science and dentistry which take six to seven years. Postgraduate courses take two years to complete. Courses are mainly taught in Japanese although some universities now teach part of their courses in English. International students are required to pass the Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students (EJU) – which can be taken in 14 countries worldwide – plus a Japanese language test.

Research

Japan has a number of world-leading research universities, particularly in the scientific and technological fields. The country’s economy depends on the research and development of universities to advance some of its major brands, such as Panasonic, Canon and Sony. The Japanese Government invests heavily in research and offers various grants for international joint research activities.

Primary and Secondary Education

Attendance at school in Japan is compulsory from age 6 (grade 1) to age 15/16 (grade 9). Following primary school, students are enrolled in middle school until age 15 or 16 when they can choose to continue into the upper secondary grades, necessary for gaining entry into university. Class sizes in Japan are large, ranging from 30 to 40 pupils, and learning is centred around core subjects such as maths, science and Japanese combined with English and traditional arts such as haiku (Japanese 3-line poetry) and shodo (calligraphy). Education is taken seriously in Japan and children often have up to three hours of homework a night on top of after-school activities and clubs.

Pre-school

Pre-school or kindergartens in Japan, known as yōchien, are widely available to children aged between 3 and 5. Parents can choose to enrol their child in a publicly-funded preschool or one of the many private yōchien which offer extra features such as English language tuition. Pre-school education in Japan emphasises play-centred learning and basic education needed for enrolment in primary school at age 6.

Geographical Variation

The cost of living in Japan is famously high, particularly in urban areas. However, it is important to remember that Japanese salaries are also above average (around £1600-£3650 per month after tax) and that expats moving to Japan will enjoy a high standard of living. Although rents and utilities are costly by international standards, food and eating out can be relatively cheap in Japan. Living costs in general are significantly lower outside of the Tokyo area, particularly in the southern cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and in northern cities, such as Hakodate.

Accommodation

Property prices in Japan are considered astronomical even to Japanese people, particularly in densely populated areas where space is at a premium. It is common for Japanese residents to take out mortgages with 100-year terms in order to get a foot on the property ladder. There are no restrictions on foreigners buying property in Japan but the technical (and costly) property system and legal procedures involved with buying a home can be off-putting.

The majority of Japanese people rent their accommodation, particularly in Tokyo, where most people live in studios or small family apartments. Rents can be high in the more luxurious areas of some cities, but are less as you get further from the city centre. Short-term rentals are available in Japan but contracts are usually for one year. Unless you are fluent in Japanese, the best way to find a rental property is through an English-speaking estate agent such as Housing Japan.

Rental deposit

The initial costs involved in renting a property in Japan can be confusing, and appear unfair, to outsiders. On signing a lease agreement, a tenant must pay a rental deposit of 1-3 months rent as well as ‘key money’ (reikin), a non-refundable payment to show ‘gratitude’ to the landlord for permitting you to rent the property.  Key money amounts vary but it is usually between one and three month’s rent. In general, tenants are also required to pay an annual service charge contribution to the upkeep of the building if the rental property is an apartment.

Property Tax

An annual municipal tax is paid by all homeowners in Japan, which is calculated on the value of the property.

Utilities

Rates for utilities in Japan vary according to area and – as with most services in Japan – are high in comparison to Europe and the USA. When renting a property, your landlord will usually connect the utilities on your behalf. You will then be sent a monthly bill, which is paid by direct debit. There are a number of electricity companies in Japan, the largest being the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) who also supply gas. Refuse collection is free but tenants must sort their waste before taking it to the local refuse collection area. High-speed broadband Internet is widely available and companies such as ASAHI and J: Com offer competitive TV, phone and broadband packages.

Healthcare and medical costs

Japan has a high standard of healthcare provision at relatively low cost to residents. Payment for medical treatment is through a government contribution of 70% with the remaining 30% paid for by the patient through a universal healthcare insurance system (kaihoken). Payments for health insurance can be made through an employer or one of the many specialist insurance companies in Japan. Fees for medical treatment are tightly regulated by the Japanese government and kept low. All foreigners are required to have a private health insurance policy to gain entry into Japan, although those who remain for longer periods are permitted to register with the National Insurance System, which also covers 70% of the cost of prescription medicine.

Shopping

Japan is deservedly known throughout the world as a ‘shopper’s paradise.’ Fashionistas, techno-addicts and bargain hunters are all catered for in the cities which, despite their packed in urban areas, boast shopping malls spectacular both in scale and design.

Groceries and alcohol are generally cheaper in Japan than many Western countries and there are a number of large chain supermarkets such as Albis and Daiei which offer competitive prices. A number of online food shopping and delivery websites such as yoyo market are also widely used. On the whole Japanese people are very fashion-conscious and clothing can be expensive, particularly in cities.

Shops in Japan are open between 9am and 8pm, with limited hours on Sundays.

Sales Tax

Most goods and services in Japan are subject to a sales tax, which is currently set at 8%.

Price Guide

• Rent on 1-bedroom apartment in city centre – ¥139,955.56 (£765.98)
• Rent on 1-bedroom apartment outside city centre – ¥85,031.54  (£465.38)
• Price of apartment in city centre – ¥1,095,911.55 (£5,997.92)
• Price of apartment outside city centre – ¥640,904 (£3,412.21)
• Loaf of bread – ¥205.58 (£1.13)
• Milk (1 litre) – ¥198.25 (£1.09)
• Bottled water (1.5 litre) – ¥119.88 (£0.66)
• Draught beer (0.5 litre) – ¥301.44 (£1.65)
• Packet of cigarettes – ¥580.00 (£3.17)
• Petrol (1 litre) – ¥144.43 (£0.77)
• Cinema ticket – ¥1,800.00 (£9.85)

Source: www.numbeo.com (accessed July 2023)

Budgeting and Savings

Japan has a number of price comparison websites, such as Kakaku, but bear in mind that they are all in Japanese. Savings can be made by shopping for food at large supermarkets and picking up bargains in the ubiquitous second hand and vintage clothing stores in Japan.

Driving

Japan’s public transport system is so efficient that the majority of people go to school or work by train. Therefore, driving is seen as something of a weekend hobby, rather than a necessity.

For those who wish to drive, Japan has a well-maintained network of expressways (which incur toll fees) and smaller dual carriageways connecting major cities and towns. Vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road in Japan and have right-hand drive controls. The national speed limits are 100 km/h (60mph) on expressways and 30-40km/h (20-25mph) in urban areas. Drink driving and talking on a mobile phone carries harsh penalties in Japan. Foreigners wishing to drive in Japan must apply for an International Driving Permit (IDP). Fuel is widely available, usually served by an attendant who will also hand you a towel for your dashboard and take your rubbish away.

Taxis

Taxis are viewed by many Japanese people as a very expensive alternative to public transport. However, taxis can be useful after midnight, when most public transport stops operating. Taxis are generally hailed from the street rather than booked ahead and can be recognised by their distinctive red and yellow or green and black colours, according to the city or town. Fare calculation is by meter and Japanese taxi drivers rarely take advantage of their passengers.

Buses and Coaches

Bus travel is the second most popular way of getting around in Japan, after trains. Buses are punctual and run to a highly organised timetable. Using a bus in Japan can be intimidating for foreigners as most information – including the destinations – are displayed in Japanese characters. On boarding a bus it’s helpful to remember to take a ticket from the machine and pay your fare to the driver when you get off (except in Tokyo, where you pay when you get on) Further information about bus travel can be found here.

For longer distances, there are plenty ‘highway buses’ (coaches) which link all the major cities.  The largest coach companies are Willer Express and JR Buses which are run by the Japan Railways Group.

Trains

Japan’s main four islands are covered by an extensive and highly efficient rail network. The iconic high speed ‘bullet’ trains (shinkansen), which can reach speeds of up to 320km/h (198mph) whisk travellers between all the major cities in comfort and style. Shinkansen are punctual almost to the second and most include a buffet service and reclining seats. The majority of Japanese cities have a metro/subway network and the intricate Tokyo Metro – carrying 3.334 billion people each year – is the busiest underground railway system in the world.

The rail network is managed by Japan Railways (JR) which also runs bus and ferry services. The JR Rail Pass offers an economical way to travel and can be purchased prior to travelling to Japan. There are also a number of sections of track which are owned by private rail companies, some which are not covered by the JR Rail Pass.

Trams and light rail

Much of Japan’s tram (streetcar) network has now been replaced by subway/metro systems, however the cities of Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto and Hiroshima all have one or two lines still in operation. The cities of Hiroshima and Toyama both have efficient Light Rail Transit (LRT) networks, which offer a cheap and environmentally-friendly way to travel.

Air Travel

There are 98 airports in Japan which serve domestic and international destinations. Tokyo’s Narita Airport is the largest and busiest, followed by Osaka International Airport. The dominant airlines are Japan Airlines (JAL) and All Nippon Airports (ANA), but there are also some budget carriers serving domestic and international destination such as Fly Peach and Jetstar Japan.

Other ways to get around

Japan’s main four islands are connected by a series of tunnels and bridges, but the many other thousands of smaller islands can only be reached by ferry. Japan has an efficient ferry network which is relied upon by island residents as their only way of reaching the mainland. Ferries carry people, vehicles and cargo, and some are luxuriously equipped with cabins, or more basic dormitories. Ferry tickets can be booked through aferry.com.

Bicycles are widely used in Japan by people of all ages. You can rent a bicycle from most train stations and cycle lanes, both on the pavements and roads, are clearly marked.

Working hours

Japanese people are proud of their reputation for devotion to work and it is not uncommon for employees to work 60+ hours a week. Despite reports of employees suffering karo-shi, literally translated to mean ‘death from overwork’, these cases are rare and most workers enjoy excellent conditions. Dedication to career progression and loyalty to employers are the main motivations for working extra hours.

Holidays

Holiday entitlement in Japan is shifting in line with much of the developed world with employees entitled to around 18.5 days paid leave per year. However, according to the Labour Ministry, the average worker only uses 9 of the days entitled to them. In 2015 the government announced plans to force employers to grant workers a minimum of five days of paid leave per year. Workers generally use holiday entitlement to cover sick days. Maternity leave is considered generous in Japan, with new parents being entitled to 14 weeks – six weeks prior to birth and eight weeks after – with up to 67% of their wages covered by social insurance.

Public holidays

Japan has 16 public national holidays, almost twice the number of UK and the rest of Europe. The Public Holiday Law, first introduced in 1948, enshrines holidays in the constitution. May is considered the busiest holiday period, when there are three consecutive holiday days in a row. Certain events of either celebration or mourning relating to the Imperial family are also regarded as national holidays.

Public holiday dates

• New Year’s Day: 1st January
• Coming of Age Day: 8th January
• National Foundation Day: 12th February
• Spring Equinox: 20th March
• Showa Day: 29th April
• Constitution Day: 3rd of May
• Greenery Day: 4th May
• Childrens’ Day: 6th May
• Marine Day: 15th July
• Respect for the Aged Day: 16th September
• Autumn Equinox: 23rd September
• Sports Day: 14th October
• Culture Day: 4th November
• Labour Thanksgiving Day: 23rd November
• The Emporers Birthday: 24th December
• New Year’s Eve: 31st December

Visas and eligibility to work

In April 2015 a Highly Skilled Professional (HSP) visa was introduced to make it easier for people from certain countries to stay and work in Japan. To qualify, workers need to achieve at least 70 points based on academic achievement, salary, age and work experience. Workers will qualify for a HSP if their skills are proven to benefit the Japanese economy. This preferential visa allows workers to stay in the country for five years. A permanent visa can also be applied for after three years. Other foreigners intending to work in Japan must apply for the appropriate visa by submitting a Certificate of Eligibility. Working visa holders must also apply for Resident Registration at a local government office within 14 days of moving into an address. Workers moving to Japan with an existing company can apply for intra-company visas if they have worked for more than one year in the overseas office. There are 27 visa types in Japan, separated into three main groups; working, non-working and family-related.

Tax

In Japan the tax year runs from 1st January to 31st December. There are three categories for people living in Japan; non-resident, non-permanent resident and permanent resident. Japan’s tax system is based on a combination of self-assessment and withholding taxes, which are contributions automatically taken from salaries. The amount of tax you pay will depend on your income. If you earn less than ¥1.95million (£10,672) per year you will pay a rate of 5% tax. Top earners are taxed 40% on earnings more than ¥18million (£98,514). Tax returns must be submitted to your local zeimusho (tax office) either in person, by mail or online, between 16th February and 15th March of the following year. Permanent residents who have lived in Japan for at least five years are taxed on all income from Japan and abroad.

Pensions

Since 1^st January 2010 the Japan Pension Service has managed pensions, known as Kokumin Nenkin, which requires all residents, including foreigners, aged 20-60 to make contributions. Contributions can be paid either at banks, post offices, convenience stores or deducted automatically from pay packets. You must contribute to the national pension scheme for at least 25 years to qualify for the basic pension. Pensions are paid when a person, whether living in Japan or not, reaches 65. Lump-sum payments are available for foreigners who have paid into the pension scheme for at least 25 years if certain criteria are filled. Enrolment onto the national pension scheme can be done by visiting the municipal office in person. For more information, visit the kochi-kia website.

Disability

Since 2013, the rights of disabled workers in Japan have been protected under the Act on the Elimination of Disability Discrimination. This prohibits discrimination against any person for reasons of disability. This commitment to equal rights was further underpinned by the government of Japan ratifying the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in January 2014. Employers are expected to make appropriate provisions to accommodate disabled workers in workplaces.

Organisational Structure

Business structure in Japan is strictly hierarchical but with the central ethos to corporate success being based on group effort. Each worker has clear roles, responsibilities and boundaries with loyalty and long service being rewarded with promotions. Harmonious group activity and solidarity among workers is considered paramount and is the cornerstone of Japan’s success as the 3^rd largest economy in the world. Japanese business culture places emphasis upon customer needs, giving the country a reputation for levels of customer service rarely experienced in other developed countries.

Management Style

Japanese management style is bound by complex rules and emphasis is on harmonious relations between workers and their superiors. The relationships between line managers and their immediate subordinates are often as close as siblings, with loyalty and respect considered a vital attribute for career progression. While a strict management structure exists, Japanese businesses operate a decentralised decision-making culture known as the ringi system, whereby all workers reach a consensus on a proposed venture or idea. This system may seem arduous to someone from a Western culture, where most workers are used to top-down decision-making, but Japanese emphasis on consensus and the clearly defined roles of workers underpins the national ideal of group harmony.

Formality

Japan has an intensely formal business culture and politeness, sensitivity and manners are considered important to good business practice. Even the exchange of business cards, customary at the start of meetings, comes with a set of strict cultural rules (present the card with both hands, place a card from someone senior at the top of your pile, always place cards in a leather business card case and never in an inside pocket). First names are rarely used in a business setting and co-workers call each other by their last name with the affix ‘san’, for example, ‘Mr Tanaka-san’. If you unwittingly make a faux pas in a business environment, it is unlikely you will find out until much later, your audience being too polite to tell you your mistake.

Relationships

Japan has a formal business culture and do not like to bring their private lives into the workplace. However Japanese office workers are encouraged to socialise with their boss and co-workers after work in bars and restaurants most evenings, particularly Friday night. Socialising with colleagues is generally not optional and is seen as part of workplace duties, to the point where if you must leave early, it is customary to apologise to your co-workers and congratulate their continuing dedication to their work before you leave.

Dress Code

Japanese people place great importance on business attire and sloppy or outlandish work clothing is unacceptable. Men should choose a dark-coloured suit, shirt and tie and wear polished shoes that are easy to slip on and off (removal of shoes is necessary in many homes, restaurants and hotels in Japan). Women are expected to wear long or knee-length skirts (Japanese businesswomen rarely wear trousers), flat shoes as opposed to heels and keep their hair tidy and tied back.

Greetings

Bowing, rather than a handshake, is used as a greeting and thanks in Japan. The speed and depth of a bow depends on who you are greeting. Deep, exaggerated bows are reserved for highly respected figures, senior managers and office bosses. However, most Japanese people do not expect foreigners to understand the bowing system and will offer a handshake to visitors from Western cultures. The European peck on the cheek is rarely seen, yet the air kiss is not uncommon among friends. More information about bowing in Japan can be found here.

Punctuality

Punctuality is highly important in Japan and is woven deeply into the culture of ‘no hidden surprises’ (i.e. do not be unpredictable). Japanese people are very punctual and turning up to a meeting late would be seen as exceedingly rude, even by a few minutes. Public transport in Japan is known for being punctual to the second and most people like to arrive at meetings at least five minutes early.

Meetings

Business meetings in Japan are highly structured and strictly bound by social and cultural etiquette. At the beginning of a meeting, following a series of bows and the exchange of business cards, participants must wait until the highest-ranking person present is seated before they sit down. Meetings are very respectful and everyone is given the opportunity to speak. Over-gesticulating, talking loudly or over other people or being aggressive would cause great offence in a Japanese business meeting. It is not uncommon to see managers subconsciously copying their superiors’ gestures and mannerisms, from removing their jackets to writing notes almost in unison.

Cultural Sensitivity

Business culture, along with other elements of Japanese culture, is dominated by intricate rules of etiquette, politeness and formality. Japanese people do not expect foreigners to understand each and every rule and are very forgiving of the odd faux pas. However, it is a good idea to try and keep a respectful demeanour, attempt the correct bow and learn some phrases of Japanese in order to gain trust in a business setting. Trying but failing is often considered worthy of respect in itself and can mean the difference when clinching a deal.

Business Language

Most business in Japan is done in Japanese. English is widely taught in Japanese schools and, although many people are proficient in the language, most people will be too polite to stop you even if they do not understand what you are saying. When using English in Japan, try to speak slowly and keep what you say simple.

Education system

The education system of Kazakhstan has changed dramatically since the country gained its independence in 1991. Soviet education was focused on fundamental, theoretical knowledge. Primary, secondary and higher education were free of charge. Every citizen has the right for an equal, free of charge and high-quality education. Twenty-five years of independence resulted in numerous reforms in education. Among them Kazakhstan joining the Bologna Process, the introduction of a credit system, lifelong learning, three-tier higher education (bachelor-master-doctor), decentralisation of education sphere, privatisation and focus on critical thinking. Along with these reforms, education institutions are divided into private and public, fee-paying and free of charge. Although primary, secondary and partial higher education is free of charge, the issue of whether everyone has equal access to quality education is debatable. There are private elite schools, for example, Miras, Haileybury, Almaty International School, Tamos Education, Dostar and etc. However, the government tries to regulate this difference and open new schools for talented students (Nazarbayev schools, Daryn).

Primary education

Primary education is compulsory and free of charge (although there are fee-paying schools). Students are accepted to primary schools from kindergartens or pre-school organisations at the age of 6-7. Education in primary schools takes 4 years (1-4 grades). The main languages of instruction are Kazakh and Russian. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulates education content, programs, periods and quality. A certain level of freedom is provided in private schools. Usually, students study in two shifts in the morning or afternoon. Education Year consists of four terms and three ten-day holidays after 1-3 terms and 3 months of summer holidays after 4 terms.

Secondary education

Secondary education consists of two stages: middle school and senior school. Middle school lasting five years (5-9 grades, 10-16 years old) is compulsory and free of charge (although there are fee-paying schools). After graduating middle school students get ‘Attestat o nepolnom srednem obrazovanii’ (Certificate of Secondary Education) and choose one of three possible options: 1) to continue education in senior school, 2) to continue education in vocational school or college and obtain a working qualification; 3) not to study further. So at the age of 15 students make an important decision on which pathway to go – whether to continue their education or not.

The period of education in senior school is two years (10-11 grades, 17-18 years old.). Senior school is not compulsory but free of charge (there are fee-paying options). At the final stage, students undertake graduating exams in schools to achieve ‘Attestat o srednem obrazovanii’ (Certificate of General Secondary Education). Graduates of senior schools and colleges can enter Higher Education Institutions.

Higher education

Kazakhstan has ambitious plans to be in the top 30 developed countries of the world. This goal requires the development of economics, industry and education. In light of development strategies, Higher Education is implementing and transferring successful Western and American policies. Overall, Kazakhstan has 127 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with around 450,000 people. HEIs are divided into national, state and private. Both national and state HEIs are state-owned and fully funded from the national budget. Private HEIs are funded by private capital. Thanks to the market economy, Higher Education of Kazakhstan has developed into a competitive environment. Universities have to compete for clients and constantly improve the quality of services and education. Universities take part in national and international rankings and accreditations. In 2015-2016, eight Kazakhstani Universities entered the top 100 of QS: Eastern Europe and Central Asia Rating.

The entry requirements to universities are a Certificate of General Secondary Education and UNT or CT Certificate with required scores. UNT is a Unified National Testing for graduates of schools, CT is a Complex Testing for college leavers. Higher education provision in the country is both free of charge or fee-paying. Annually, the Government allocates a certain amount of budget for State Scholarships, which cover tuition and a monthly stipend. School and college graduates can apply for the State Scholarship Competition. A successful scholarship recipient is defined by the UNT or CT grades and achievements at national and international competitions. In the 2015-2016 academic year, around 30% of students were allocated State Scholarships and 70% were fee-paying.

Since Kazakhstan entered the Bologna Process and became part of EHEA (European Higher Education Area), all HEIs implemented a credit system and an ECTS system. As a result, Kazakhstani HEIs are cooperating with many foreign partner universities to promote the academic mobility of incoming and outgoing students and staff.

Universities provide education programs in Kazakh (63%), Russian (34%) and English (3%). The Soviet five-point grade system is substituted by the American 4.0 GPA model (grade point average). Education programs consist of compulsory and optional components. Optional components are elective courses chosen by students.

Cost of living 

The cost of living in Kazakhstan is cheaper than in Europe and America. However, in comparison with Central Asia and CIS countries, it is expensive. Rich mineral resources (especially oil) and positive developments in the economy led to the overall living standards increase followed by a price increase. Later, economic recession and tenge (KZT, Kazakhstan currency) exchange rates falling resulted in another price increase and the decrease of average citizens’ income.

Accommodation

Accommodation prices are very expensive, so the majority of the population rent property or take out mortgage loans. The government’s Affordable Accommodation Program builds economy-class apartments, making them available through mortgage loans in all cities.

Utilities

Utility rates are not so expensive. Utilities are provided by state-owned or private companies. The utility list in Kazakhstan comprises of electricity, gas, central heating, cold and hot water, wastewater disposal, landline telephone and garbage removal.

Healthcare and medical costs

Healthcare in Kazakhstan has also undergone numerous reforms starting with privatisation and ending with compulsory insurance which will be introduced in 2017. The healthcare sector is mostly public. People can get all kinds of services and medicine free of charge. All emergency medical services are also free of charge, including surgeries. However, the quality of free medical services and medicine is far from perfect.

The situation is better in the private sector, but it is not affordable for all people. Through a benefits package, top companies provide their employees with good medical insurance covering visits to doctors, treatment, medicine, stomatology, hospital and outpatient treatment.

Shopping

The best shopping destination in Kazakhstan is Almaty. The south capital has plenty of modern shopping centres, such as Mega, Dostyk Plaza, Esentai Mall, ADK, Tsum and etc. Popular brands such as Zara, Mango, Karen Millen, Next, Marks & Spencer are available in the shopping centres of Almaty, Astana and other big cities.

The cheapest supermarkets are Small, Magnum chains or even better bargains are dealt at bazaars, for instance, Zelenyi Bazaar. Zelenyi bazaar is one of the attractions of Almaty, representing the spirit of oriental bazaars. Every month, craftsmen from Central Asia gather in Almaty for a Handicraft Fair. Here, one can find national (Kazakh, Russian, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Turkmen) souvenirs, clothes, toys, jewellery, hats and bags.

Sales Tax

Most sales in Kazakhstan are subject to 12 % VAT. The introduction of a tax-free system for foreigners is being discussed.

Price Guide

• Rent of one-room apartment in city centre – ₸213,437.50 (375.86)
• Rent onf one-room apartment outside city centre – ₸144,800.00 (254.99)
• Loaf of bread – ₸227.70 (0.40)
• Milk (1 litre) – ₸525.88 (0.93)
• Beer (0.5 litre) – ₸457.78 (0.81)
• Packet of cigarettes – ₸750.00 (1.32)
• Petrol (1 litre) – ₸216.60 (0.38)
• Cinema ticket – ₸2,350.00 (4.14)

Source: www.expatarrivals.com  (accessed August 2023).

Driving

Roads in Kazakhstan are not of high quality with unexpected potholes of different sizes. The speed limits in the country: in town – 60 km/h, open roads 90 km/h, motorways – 110 km/h. To drive a car one should have a driving license, obligatory third party insurance, and vehicle ownership documents.

Useful information:

• Kazakhstan has right-hand driving:
• Driver and front seat passengers should fasten seat belts;
• Zero tolerance for drinking alcohol and driving;
• It is prohibited to talk on a mobile phone;
• Children under 12 should be transported in child safety seats or fastened by a child safety seat belt.

Taxis

The Taxi services sector is represented by official taxi companies. Taxis are ordered by phone calls or online. The price of a trip can vary from one company to another, but mostly it differs between vehicle class – business or economy. Non-official taxis are widespread in the country where every individual can stop and ride to their destination. Although this option is not safe or comfortable (often dirty and broken cars), people frequently use such taxis as it may be cheaper (a price is agreed) and immediate.

Buses and Coaches

Public transport is represented by buses, trolleybuses, trams and the Metro (Metro only in Almaty). The ticket price for a trip is around $0.25, one month pass $23.4, student month pass $6.25, pensioners and disabled month pass $6.25. Public transport in Almaty is equipped with special terminals to pay for a trip.

The most popular method of transport among Almaty citizens and its guests is the Metro. The metro was opened in 2011. It has one line with nine stations. The deepest Abaya station is 78 metres below ground. Every station has a unique design and artistic conception. Some stations are decorated in a modern style, others in the national style with Kazakh ornaments.

Buses and coaches connect cities and regions. The tickets can be bought at stations. The buses are good for a 5-6 hour trip. Similarly, small minivans owned by individuals go between cities and regions. The average price is cheaper than the same trip by train or aeroplane.

Trains

The length of railways in Kazakhstan is 15,300 kilometres. Railways were constructed during the Soviet period so that Kazakhstan was connected with neighbouring Soviet countries: Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. It is better to buy railway tickets in advance (especially during holidays) on the Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (national railway operator) website www.railways.kz, or booking offices at railway stations or travel agencies. Upon boarding, a passenger must show a passport and ticket (or e-ticket).

According to speed, trains are divided into slow and fast types. Fast trains go twice as fast as slow ones. Slow trains are old Soviet trains with ‘platscart’ (open sleeping place for 4 people), ‘kupe’ (sleeping place with a door for 4 people) and ‘SV’ (sleeping place with a door for 2 people). Fast new trains are called Talgo. Tickets for this type of train are as expensive as an economy-class aeroplane ticket.

Air Travel

Kazakhstan has good flight connections to all regions. Plenty of international airline companies operate flights to Kazakhstan. There are, however, only a few local airlines within the country (Air Astana, Scat and KazakhAir). Air Astana is a Kazakh company meeting international safety requirements and flying not only within the country but also to the most popular international destinations.

Tickets are sold online through airline companies’ websites, travel agencies and online airfare booking portals, for example, www.aviata.kz.

Other ways to get around

An alternative way of travelling is cycling. In comparison with other places in the country, Almaty is more popular for cycling. The city centre has bicycle tracks, mountain routes (as the city is situated close to the mountains) and bicycle rental shops. Local people prefer cycling to work in summer. The city administration is promoting cycling as an eco-friendly alternative to other types of transport.

Working Hours

In Kazakhstan, the working week is 6 or 5 days, Monday to Friday (or Saturday), from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. with lunchtime from 1 p.m. to 2 p.m.

Holidays

Usually, employees have 24 calendar days of annual leave. The amount of days may differ depending on the field of activity, for example, teachers receive 56 calendar days. In addition to annual leave, workers get 16 days of public holidays. The number of days for holidays may increase if they fall on weekends.

Public Holidays

There are 12 public holidays in Kazakhstan.

Public holiday dates

• New Year’s Day: 1st January
• Day after New Year’s Day: 2nd January
• International Women’s Day: 8th March
• Nauryz Holiday:  21st – 22nd March
• Kazakhstan Nations’ Unity Day: 1st May
• Defender’s Day: 7th May
• Victory Day: 9th May
• Capital City Day: 8th July
• Constitution Day: 30th August
• First President’s Day: 1st December
• Independence Day (observed): 16th December

If the first day of Muslim Kurban Ait and Orthodox Christmas fall on working days, people also have a holiday.

Visas and Eligibility to Work

All foreign nationals planning to visit Kazakhstan need to have a visa. A Kazakhstan visa can be obtained at diplomatic/consular services. There are several types of entry visas: business, tourist, transit, diplomatic, official, investor, work, study and medical.

The list of documents required to apply for a visa are:

1. A Valid passport (at least 6 months valid after planned departure date);
2. A Visa support (invitation) letter;
3. A Visa application form;
4. 1 Photo;
5. Fee;
6. Hotel booking;
7. Flights booking confirmation.

Upon arrival, foreign nationals should receive a registration card. However, some nationals get their registration card together with their visa.

The procedure for receiving work permits in Kazakhstan is quite complicated. Work permits may be given to an employer or worker for certain occupations. A Foreign work permit is given to four categories of workers: 1) chief executives, 2) senior managers; 3) skilled professionals, and 4) skilled workers.

Targeting investment and tourist attractiveness of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan (MFA RK) is simplifying visa procedures. Hence, the MFA RK has introduced visa-free entry to Kazakhstan to nationals of 48 countries, among them member countries of OECD, UAE, Malaysia, Singapore and Monaco.

Tax

In Kazakhstan, the Tax Year starts on January 1st and ends on December 31st. Legal entities submit Tax Reports quarterly, private and small entrepreneurs twice a year. Legal entities pay two main types of taxes: Corporate Income Tax 20% and Value Added Tax 12%. Other taxes depend on the property of the company. Individuals pay 3 taxes from their income: first, deducted Individual Income Tax 10%; second, Pension Contributions 10% and third, Social Tax 5 %. Those who own real estate, vehicles or land are obliged to pay Land Tax, Real Estate Tax and Vehicle Tax.

Pensions

The pension system of the country has undergone reforms. Pension savings of people were moving from state-owned funds to private funds and back again. At present, all deducted pension contributions are collected in the United Accumulative Pension Fund. Kazakhstan’s pension system is made up of three types of contributions: compulsory pension, compulsory professional and voluntary pension contributions. Pension funds are invested in deposits, shares, bonds and other financial instruments. So, in addition to personal pension savings people may also get investment income. Women at 58 years of age and men at 63 years of age start receiving pensions.

Management Style

Since early 1990 Kazakhstan has been open to foreign and international companies and investors. Nowadays, the Kazakhstan market consists of local, foreign and international companies. Despite this, the management style is still mostly hierarchical. All innovations and decisions are imposed from the top and fulfilled by employees. Senior, middle and low-level managers get used to subordinating and making executive orders. While negotiating, be ready for a comparatively long process, particularly in cases involving government structures. Direct access to the highest-ranking person, personal connections and loyalties will help to shorten negotiations.

Formality

Business meetings are rather formal. A handshake is a common greeting and negotiators shake hands with all men at the beginning and end of a meeting. For women, nodding is more common. If women shake hands, they usually initiate the handshake themselves. During a first meeting, people address formally using titles and usually move quickly to communication without titles. Business cards exchange is an important part of meetings. While negotiating, expressing personal opinions and standing your ground is normal. However, arguing and contradicting someone who is senior by age or position is considered unacceptable and disrespectful.

Relationships

Doing business is attached to interpersonal relationships. In Kazakhstan, to cooperate and work, people should first feel comfortable with, and respectful of, future partners. Therefore, to build partnerships with Kazakh business contacts, one should be ready for small introductory talks and meetings to establish a connection.

Dress Code 

The dress code in Kazakhstan may vary from conservative official to smart casual. Banks and government bodies’ employees wear conservative official attire; private companies and foundations smart casual clothes. Dress code requirements are set in organisations’ internal regulation documents. When it comes to business meetings, local people take clothing etiquette quite seriously and business attire is conservative official. Wearing casual clothes for business meetings is interpreted by Kazakh businesspeople as not taking the situation seriously.

Punctuality

In general, Kazakhs are considered not to be punctual and this is true for different celebrations, weddings, anniversaries, birthdays etc. However, in business people stick to a schedule and try not to be late. If, for any reason, someone is late s/he informs immediately the other part.

Business Language

Although Kazakh is the official language, business is also done in Russian and English. Russian is widespread because of the Soviet history of the country and close ties with post-soviet countries. The country often does business with Russia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus etc. The English language is also important as Kazakhstan has plenty of partners, foreign companies, international organisations and investors from all over the world.