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Setting Up Placement Systems
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The Positive Side of Rejection
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Work in Malaysia – Country Profile
Jobs in Malaysia
Discover jobs in Malaysia with jobs.ac.uk. Determine whether working in Malaysia is right for you with our comprehensive overview of working life in Malaysia. Start your search today with jobs.ac.uk.
Country fact file
- Capital city: Kuala Lumpur
- Population: 34.5 million as of March 2024
- Government: Federal parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy
- Currency: Malaysian ringgit (MYR)
- Main languages: Malay, English, Chinese dialects
- Main religions: Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism
Country profile
Malaysia is quite literally a country of two halves, with its component land masses – Peninsular Malaysia (which lies on the Malay Peninsula) and East Malaysia (on the island of Borneo) – separated by the South China Sea. A former British colony which gained independence in 1957, the country consists of 13 states and three federal territories governed by a democratic parliament with an elected king, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, as head of state. Every five years, the monarch is elected from the hereditary rulers of the Malay states.
Culture
Malaysia is a genuinely multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country, and this diversity has a profound impact on the politics of the state. The political landscape owes a lot to the British parliamentary system, while the constitution acknowledges Islam as the state religion but enshrines in law the freedom to practice other religions. The majority of people in Malaysia are ethnic Malays, but there are also large Chinese and Indian communities.
Popular activities
Malaysia’s stunning coastline with its warm, clear water is the setting for a range of watersports. Outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling and fishing are also popular, while golf is a growing sport for both participants and spectators. The country’s world-renowned spa resorts are a popular venue for socialising, while cities like Kuala Lumpur boast a thriving food scene. Malaysia also has several traditional games and pastimes which are still enjoyed today, with kite (or wau) flying and silat (a form of martial arts) demonstrations a regular sight around the country. Another social attraction is the simple sport of sepak takraw, a game in which players form a circle and try to prevent a small ball from dropping to the ground without using their hands.
Food and drink
Malaysian cuisine strongly reflects the country’s diverse ethnic makeup, with Indian, Chinese and Thai influences clear alongside the Malay classics. Rice remains the staple food, with seafood, beef and poultry also featuring heavily on menus. Unlike some Muslim countries, there are few restrictions on the sale of pork. Characteristic flavours of Malaysian cuisine include chilli, ginger, coconut, soy and satay. Drinks tend to be sweet and somewhat syrupy in nature, for example tea and coffee are usually served with condensed milk. Coconut milk-based drinks are also popular. Alcohol is widely sold although drinking on the street is illegal.
Languages
The official language is Malay, which is widely-spoken across not only Malaysia, but Indonesia, Brunei and Singapore as well. English is also widely taught and spoken, largely as a result of past colonial rule. A derivative form of Standard English known as Malaysian English, and the more colloquial Manglish – a creole-type spoken language with Malay, Chinese and Tamil influences – are the most common forms. Other important languages include the various dialects of Chinese spoken by the large Malay Chinese population.
Weather
Malaysia has a tropical climate, with hot and humid conditions typical and air-conditioning a must. While there is a degree of variation, average temperatures are around 27°C (80°F), with coastal areas generally a bit warmer and the forest and mountain regions a little cooler. Rainfall is fairly consistent all year round, with only a slight increase between October and April. However, the exception is the wet season experienced by Peninsular Malaysia’s east coast between December and February. During this time many east coast tourist resorts close, but the west of the country is unaffected. Malaysia can also experience typhoons – usually between July and November – so ensure that you are aware of emergency plans in your area.
Safety and security
With its strict criminal justice system, Malaysia has low levels of violent crime. Expats are far more likely to be affected by scams like credit card fraud. Bag snatching and robberies are more prevalent in cities, so always be aware of your surroundings and try to avoid walking alone. Malaysia does experience sporadic political and social unrest, so avoid travelling to disputed areas of East Malaysia and try to stay clear of any public demonstrations.
As with any new country, you should make sure you are aware of local laws. Malaysia has a particularly strict attitude towards drug crimes, with drug trafficking carrying a mandatory death penalty and possession of a lengthy custodial sentence. Homosexual acts are also illegal.
System structure
Education in Malaysia is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, although each state also has a local education authority which can operate with a degree of autonomy. The system consists of six years of primary school for children aged 7 to 12 and five years of secondary school for those aged 13 to 18, followed by an optional sixth year of secondary school and potentially higher education at university.
Academic year
The Malaysian academic year runs from January to November, with each state authority determining the exact dates. Most schools operate a two-term system: the first from January to May with a holiday during March and the second from June to November with a break in August. State schools tend to start before 8:00 am and finish soon after lunch for compulsory sports or other extracurricular activities, but private and international schools may keep different hours. International schools may also operate term dates more akin to their parent country.
Higher education
Higher education in Malaysia is growing due to ambitious targets and generous funding on the part of the state. Malaysia has recently attracted several world-renowned universities to set up international campuses in the country, resulting in three major types of universities:
- Public institutions of higher education – state-run and publically funded institutions which can be further categorised as research, comprehensive or focused institutions
- Private institutions of higher education – institutions established by private sector companies with the backing of the Ministry of Education’s Department of Private Education
- Foreign university branches – universities that are part of an institution based in another country
Some Malaysian higher education establishments also have ‘twinning’ agreements with foreign universities to enable students from both institutions to take part of their course at each university. Malaysian students require a Malaysian High School Certificate to gain entry to university, but other international qualifications will be considered for foreign nationals.
Funding
The Malaysian government offers generous subsidies for higher education so while Malaysians who study at public universities do pay tuition fees, the cost is greatly reduced compared to students at private institutions who usually pay full fees. There are also a number of public and private sector scholarship and loan schemes for Malaysians and international students. For more information, visit the Ministry of Education website.
Courses
The choice of university courses in Malaysia is vast, with undergraduate and postgraduate courses available at most institutions. Course durations and assessment types depend on what kind of university it is, as international institutions tend to follow the structure of their parent system. Applications are usually made directly to the individual university, but websites like Study Malaysia enable prospective students to search more broadly for courses.
Research
Research opportunities are gradually increasing in Malaysia and funding is available from several public and private sources. The Department of Higher Education is a good place to start, but it is worth doing some homework as many funding bodies are specific to a particular subject or niche.
Primary and secondary education
Although there are many different types of school in Malaysia, the majority fall into one of three categories: public schools, private schools and international schools. Qualifications are laid out by the Malaysian Qualification Framework, although international schools usually offer foreign equivalents. Public schools are free to Malaysians and do allow some access for the children of foreign nationals, but the language barrier and differences in curriculum mean that many prefer their children to go to the more expensive private or international establishments.
Preschool and childcare options
Although preschool is not compulsory in Malaysia, it is popular and so access to Ministry of Education preschools is restricted to Malaysian families only. However, there are plenty of privately-owned nursery and preschool options for foreign nationals, as well as a considerable number of private nannies who can be employed at a fairly reasonable cost.
Geographical variation
The cost of living in Malaysia is considered to be very low compared to neighbouring countries such as Singapore, although major cities like Kuala Lumpur and Penang can be pricier. Many people assume that the cost of living in Peninsular Malaysia will be higher than in East Malaysia, but this tends not to be the case due to a controversial cabotage policy designed to benefit the Malaysian shipping industry. Although successful in this respect, the reduced competition has led to higher prices in East Malaysia.
Accommodation
Lease agreements in Malaysia are typically two-year contracts, so it is recommended that foreign nationals have a so-called ‘diplomatic clause’ written in to allow them to terminate early should they leave the country. Rents can be very reasonably priced, but you may pay a premium if you choose a short-term let. Be aware that the term ‘unfurnished’ in Malaysia can be very literal, with unfurnished properties sometimes even rented without kitchen equipment!
If you wish to buy a property in Malaysia, there is certainly no shortage of choice. In the past, Malaysia restricted the rights of foreign nationals with regards to purchasing property. Today, these restrictions have largely been removed and the Malaysian government actively encourages foreigners to invest in property by offering incentives through the Malaysia My Second Home (MMSH) scheme. There may still be a minimum property purchase value which applies to foreigners, and deals are subject to approval by the state authorities, which can take up to six months.
Rental deposit
Tenants are frequently asked to pay several rental deposits in Malaysia. Firstly, you pay an earnest deposit of one month’s rent to reserve the property, although this payment is usually taken as the first month of rent in advance. The security deposit is usually two months’ rent, while some landlords will also ask for a utilities deposit of between half and one month’s rent.
Council tax
Locally-levied property taxes in Malaysia are known as Local Council Assessments. Although significantly cheaper than in many European countries, these rates do vary between states, so make sure you check the local government website for details.
Utilities
The cost of utilities in Malaysia can be surprisingly high compared to the rents. Water and electricity supplies are administered by local companies or authorities, while mains gas supplies are only available in Peninsular Malaysia. The majority of properties use bottled gas, which is heavily subsidised. For telephone and internet providers there is more choice, so shop around for the best prices.
TV licence
Malaysia no longer has a TV licensing system, so terrestrial channels are free to view. However, not all of these are available in East Malaysia, and paid satellite services like Astro are increasingly popular.
Healthcare and medical costs
The Malaysian healthcare system is a combination of public and private services. Although there are some exceptions, in general, only Malaysian citizens or permanent residents (holders of the MyKad and MyPR identity cards) can access state-funded healthcare, which is why foreign nationals are usually required to have private medical insurance. Foreigners who are employed by a Malaysian company may have access to public services but will usually have to pay treatment charges, although some services may be covered by the employer-funded Foreign Workers Hospitalisation and Social Insurance Scheme (SKHPPA).
Shopping
With the temperate climate providing good farming conditions, many fresh foods can be sourced locally in Malaysia and therefore prices remain quite low, with the exception of imported good in East Malaysia. Foodstuffs are also subsidised, so the grocery shop can be done quite cheaply. Clothing and other everyday purchases can also be made relatively inexpensively.
Goods and services tax
Malaysia currently charges two types of sales and service taxes, but a new goods and service tax system is scheduled for implementation in 2015. For more information visit the Royal Malaysian Customs Department’s Goods and Services Tax website.
Price guide
- Rent on 1-bedroom apartment in city centre – MYR2,227.27 (≈£383.98) per month
- Rent on 1-bedroom apartment outside city centre – MYR1,388.10 (≈£239.31) per month
- Price of apartment in city centre – MYR11,309.39 (≈£1,949.74) per square metre
- Price of apartment outside city centre – MYR5,647.36 (≈£973.60) per square metre
- Loaf of bread – MYR3.75 (≈£0.65)
- Milk (1 litre) – MYR7.79 (≈£1.34)
- Bottled water (1.5 litre) – MYR2.90 (≈£0.50)
- Draught beer (0.5 litre) – MYR10.00 (≈£1.72)
- Packet of cigarettes – MYR18.00 (≈£3.10)
- Petrol (1 litre) – MYR2.07 (≈£0.36)
- Cinema ticket – MYR20.00 (≈£3.45)
Source: www.numbeo.com (accessed July 2023)
Budgeting and savings
For money saving tips and budgeting advice, as well as the best deals on a range of relocation costs, consult Malaysian consumer websites.
Driving
The road system in Peninsular Malaysia is modern and well-maintained, with an extensive highway network providing road links to Thailand and Singapore. East Malaysia’s roads are less modern and can be poorly maintained in places, but are also less well travelled and often less congested. In Malaysia, vehicles are driven on the left-hand side of the road – a legacy of British colonial rule. Driving standards can be poor, particularly in the cities where congestion is at its highest, so some expats prefer to stick to public transport.
Diesel and petrol costs are subsidised so running a car can be fairly cheap, however, vehicles are expensive to purchase. To drive a car in Malaysia you must be aged 17 or over, although you can ride a motorcycle at the age of 16. For any vehicle, you must have valid road tax and insurance as well as a driving licence as the penalties for driving without these items are severe. Foreign nationals may be allowed to drive on their home country licence for up to three months before they must exchange it for a Malaysian one. For more information, contact the Road Transport Department Malaysia.
Taxis
There is no shortage of taxis in Malaysia, however, they do have a reputation for being expensive in comparison with other public transport options. This is not always the case, but if you do choose to take a taxi then check whether or not it is metered before starting the journey. If it has no meter, make sure you negotiate a price upfront to avoid being overcharged.
Buses and coaches
Local and national bus and coach services remain a popular way to get around in Malaysia, with most major cities and some rural areas operating services at fairly low cost. Long-distance coach companies also operate routes to Thailand, Singapore and Brunei.
Trains
Peninsular Malaysia has a fairly extensive railway network, with a range of freight and passenger services linking major cities within Malaysia as well as providing international routes to Thailand and Singapore. The government has invested heavily in modernising the railways and the result is a fairly comfortable and inexpensive way to travel. The main train operator is KLIA Ekspres and the best priced tickets are usually available online. In East Malaysia, train transport is far less well-established with only the state of Sabah running services.
Trams and light rail
Several cities in Malaysia have trams or light railway systems to alleviate pressure on the roads. For example, Kuala Lumpur has two light rail lines, a monorail and an airport rail link operated by MyRapid.
Air travel
Malaysia has several commercial airports, although the majority of international services are focused around the major hubs of Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Kota Kinabalu International Airport and Penang International Airport. Despite being relatively expensive, domestic air travel is important for reaching the more remote regions and for linking Peninsular Malaysia to East Malaysia. Malaysia Airlines is the flag carrier and operates both international and domestic routes, while competition is increasing from budget airlines like AirAsia.
Other ways to get around
Many foreign nationals are surprised to learn that there are no regular ferry routes between Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. That said, sea transport is important to the South China Sea region and major Malaysian ports link the country to Indonesia, the Philippines, Brunei, Singapore and Thailand. Boat services are also important for reaching outlying Malaysian islands, while there are also several hundred kilometres of canals and inland waterways spanning the country.
Working hours
Under Malaysian employment law employees are entitled to at least one day off per week, with the maximum standard working week set at 48 hours over six days, although many businesses work 40 hours over five days. Typical business hours are Monday to Friday from 9 am to 5 pm, although in some areas different working structures are common due to religious considerations.
Holidays
The majority of people working in Malaysia are entitled to at least eight days of paid annual leave each year, with this allowance rising annually by length of service. Paid sick leave and maternity leave of no less than 60 days are also defined by Malaysian law.
Public holidays
Because of its multiculturalism, Malaysia has a generous allocation of public holidays, with around 14 dates observed nationally each year and various additional state holidays celebrated around the country. Most employees are entitled to at least ten public holidays as paid leave. For a more comprehensive guide to holiday dates, including state lists and explanations of the law surrounding public holiday allowances, visit the Public Holidays Malaysia website.
Public holiday dates
- New Year’s Day: 1st January
- Federal Territory Day: 1st February
- Chinese New Year: 10 – 12th February
- Hari Raya Puasa: 9 – 11th April
- Labour Day in Malaysia: 1st May
- Wesak Day (Buddha’s Birthday): 22nd May
- King’s Birthday Malaysia: 3rd June
- Hari Raya Haji (Festival of Sacrifice): 17 – 18th June
- Merdeka Day (National Day): 31st August
- Awal Muharram (Islamic New Year): 7th July
- Deepavali (Festival of Lights): 31st October
- Christmas Day: December 25
Visas and eligibility to work
Citizens of many nations are allowed to visit Malaysia for between 30 and 60 days without applying for a visa beforehand. However, this should not be mistaken for relaxed immigration laws – although a fairly small number of nationalities require a visa to visit Malaysia the law surrounding living and working there is much more complex. Note that the list of nationalities that require employment visas is different to those who need visitor visas.
In some sectors, Malaysian businesses are restricted in the number of foreign nationals they can employ, so for this reason it is important to have a job offer before applying for Malaysian visas or work permits. There are several types of employment passes which may be issued to foreign workers depending on work type and the duration of stay, so contact your employer for more information. Foreign nationals who have lived in Malaysia for more than 3 years may be able to apply for permanent residency or citizenship through various schemes. Be aware that all permanent residents must have a MyPR identity card, while citizens must hold a MyKad equivalent. Foreign nationals who plan to retire to Malaysia could also consider applying for the Malaysia My Second Home (MMSH) scheme.
Tax and insurance
Income tax rates in Malaysia are fairly low compared to many countries, with top earners taxed at under 30%. Most employers deduct tax directly from your wages, so you will need to apply for a tax number. For tax purposes, anyone who remains in the country for over 182 days is considered a resident. If you work in the country for a shorter period then you will either be tax-exempt or be taxed at non-resident rates. Malaysian citizens are required to make social security contributions through a scheme known as PERKESO or SOCSO. Non-resident workers are not covered by this scheme but are instead insured by their employer through the Foreign Workers Hospitalisation and Social Insurance Scheme (SKHPPA). For more information, visit the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia website.
Pensions
The mandatory pension system in Malaysia is called the Employee Provident Fund (EPF). Contributions are compulsory for Malaysian citizens but not for foreign nationals. Although foreign workers can now opt in to the EPF, there are still restrictions on withdrawals for foreigners, so many choose to take out private pensions instead. Some employers do offer pension schemes, but this is less common among Malaysian businesses.
Benefits
Despite major improvements in the overall system in recent years, foreign nationals living in Malaysia still have little or no access to state benefits unless they take Malaysian citizenship. You may however be entitled to claim benefits in your home country.
Disability
The rights of disabled workers in Malaysia are defined under the Persons with Disabilities Act 2008, with employers legally obliged to promote access to the workplace for disabled people.
Organisational structure
Malaysian organisations can be quite diverse, with Malaysian, Chinese and Indian business cultures all holding significant influence. The result is a tendency towards hierarchical structures with rank and position important and decisions made at the top. However, Malaysians generally take quite a consultative approach and may seek a consensus of opinion within the business before making a final decision – so the process is not always the quickest.
Management style
As in many hierarchical business cultures, managers in Malaysia are sometimes viewed as parent figures by their employees, so it is not uncommon for managers to take an interest in the home and family lives of their staff. However, there remains a clear line of demarcation between the ranks, and interest does not typically represent friendship. The concept of maintaining face is important in Malaysia, so managers will usually avoid criticising their staff publicly and team members are usually very loyal to their managers. This unwillingness to lose face can be an obstacle in a collaborative environment though as people may be afraid to contribute an idea that is later rejected.
Formality
Although internationally aware and business-savvy, Malaysians are generally quite formal and polite, especially with unfamiliar people. Address contacts by their title and surname where appropriate, but be aware that many ethnic Malays use patronyms rather than surnames. In these cases you should address people by title and first name. If in doubt, take an interest and ask people how they prefer to be addressed.
Relationships
It takes time to develop trust with contacts in Malaysia, so don’t be surprised if early meetings appear unproductive. You may find people initially reserved, but small talk about neutral topics and time spent in each other’s company can really help to develop the rapport you need to work together.
Dress code
As a predominantly Muslim country, Malaysia has quite a conservative dress code. Men should wear a dark-coloured suit, a long-sleeved shirt and a tie, while women may wear skirts, trouser suits or dresses providing that they are modest. Revealing clothes are inappropriate. Malaysian women tend to wear garments that fully cover their body and headscarves are common, so make sure that you clothing choices will not make anyone else feel uncomfortable.
Greetings
To show respect for people’s position within the hierarchy, try to greet the most senior people in a room first. Business people in Malaysia usually shake hands with each other, but depending on the culture and beliefs of different groups, it may not be appropriate to shake hands with female contacts. If a female contact does not offer to shake hands, a brief nod or slight bow is a polite alternative.
Punctuality
When working in Malaysia you will find that face is more important to local people than time. Many Malaysians would rather miss deadlines than put pressure on people to deliver. If you have a deadline that is paramount, you must keep reiterating it in a calm and polite manner. It is important to arrive at meetings on time, but don’t be surprised if you are then asked to wait because another meeting has overrun – Malaysian people find it hard to put an abrupt end to proceedings.
Meetings
Business cards are usually presented by the visiting party at the beginning of a meeting. When receiving or presenting a card, hold it with both hands. When accepting a card, ensure that you take a moment to look at it before putting it away. Malaysian business meetings can be rather formal so it’s best to have a clear agenda worked out beforehand. Patience is certainly a virtue, as many Malaysians will pause for 20 to 30 seconds before answering a question. Don’t mistake this for an invitation to continue speaking – they are showing respect for the question by giving it due consideration before answering, and you should do the same. When negotiating, summarise frequently and always clarify details afterwards. Written contracts are not always considered the end of negotiations, with changes still occurring after agreements appear to have been reached.
Cultural sensitivity
Always be mindful of the concept of face as it will affect and inform your relationships with Malaysian contacts. Putting someone on the spot, showing anger, refusing a request or giving an outright refusal are all considered quite rude. As a general rule, remain calm at all times and be respectful of the people around you to ensure success.
Business language
Although Malay is the official language, English is widely used in business settings. Depending on the region and the nature of your business, you may also find Chinese dialects or languages from the Indian subcontinent in use, so check ahead to find out if translation will be required.
Malaysia is quite literally a country of two halves, with its component land masses – Peninsular Malaysia (which lies on the Malay Peninsula) and East Malaysia (on the island of Borneo) – separated by the South China Sea. A former British colony which gained independence in 1957.
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Work in the Netherlands – Country Profile
Jobs in Netherlands
Welcome to the Netherlands Country profile hosted by jobs.ac.uk. Whether you seek a PhD, a career in academia, or professional services, below you will find our latest vacancies to suit your next career step as an expat.
Country Fact File
- Location: Western Europe
- Capital City: Amsterdam
- Population: 17.6 million as of March 2024
- Government: Constitutional monarchy
- Currency: Euro (€ EUR)
- Main Language: Dutch
- Main Religions: Roman Catholic, Islam, Protestant
Country Profile
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a small country in North West Europe, bordered by Germany, Belgium, and the North Sea. It is often referred to as ‘Holland’ because two of its twelve provinces, North and South Holland, were independent states until 1813. With more than 20% of its land area under water, the title ‘the Netherlands’- which is Germanic for ‘lowlands’ – aptly reflects the country’s geography. It is one of the world’s most densely populated countries (16.8 million inhabitants) and the largest and most important cities are the capital Amsterdam, The Hague, which is the seat of government, and Rotterdam, home to Europe’s largest port. The Netherlands began life as a republic, when it became one of the world’s most powerful maritime trading nations, but is now a constitutional monarchy. It is considered to be one of the driving forces behind the formation of the European Union and the UN, with The Hague being home to the International Court of Justice. The country also enjoys a reputation for artistic brilliance on par with Italy, producing legends such as Van Gogh, Rembrandt, and Vermeer.
Culture
Dutch culture is uniformly considered to be one of tolerance and individuality. The prevalent liberal attitude towards gay rights and same-sex marriage, gender equality, and the legalisation of soft drugs and prostitution is an essential part of the Dutch national identity. Dutch people take pride in promoting individualism and this laissez-faire attitude permeates society. There is a general expectation that everyone has a right to their opinion and equality and democracy is enshrined in most laws. Indeed, the Netherlands was one of the first countries in the world to have an elected parliament. Dutch people are known for their progressive values compared to many other European nations and the Netherlands has an egalitarian society where status and respect are obtained through education and work rather than through money, power, and privilege.
Popular activities
Despite its diminutive size, the Netherlands is a diverse country with a huge range of things to do. Its countless canals and waterways mean that river cruising and canal boating are a popular pastime. One of the best times to visit the Netherlands is in the spring when the famed tulip fields (or ‘bulbfields’) are in full bloom.
The national sport of the Netherlands is football. The distinctly orange-clad national team has an unwanted reputation as ‘the bridesmaid’ of the international game on account of their record of having been to more World Cup finals than any other nation, without ever winning the competition.
Cycling is a national obsession and the Dutch own more bicycles per capita than any other nation in Europe. Nearly all roads and cities are adapted for cycling and the Netherland’s pancake-flat geography makes biking long distances easy. Even before they can walk, Dutch children are immersed in a world of cycling, with babies and toddlers travelling in special seats affixed to the front of bicycles. The Netherlands also has its share of white sandy beaches and the popular resorts of Cadzand, Oostkapelle, Dishoek, and Domburg in the province of Zeeland attract thousands of walkers, cyclists, and sun-worshippers every year.
Food and Drink
The Netherlands is famous for cheese-making, the red-rind bound Edam (Edammer) being the most well-known. Indeed, the Dutch themselves comment that their love of cheese and dairy, in general, has contributed to their status as the world’s tallest people – on average, Dutch women stand almost 1.71 metres (5.6ft) tall, and men 1.84 metres (6ft).
Traditional dishes include erwtensoep, a thick pea soup cooked with ham or sausage and hutspot, a potato-based stew to which klapstuk (lean beef) is sometimes added. Seafood is also hugely popular, particularly oysters, mussels, herring, and freshwater eel. For breakfast and lunch, the Dutch generally eat broodjes, small buttered rolls usually filled with ham and cheese or beef. Although the Netherlands has numerous restaurants serving international cuisine, for authentic Dutch dishes, look for the ‘Neerlands Dis’ sign, which identifies restaurants specialising in native cuisine.
The Dutch are a nation of beer drinkers with homegrown brands such as Heineken, Grolsch, and Amstel being among the most popular. Also a favourite is Dutch gin, jenever, a colourless spirit distilled from grain or malt, usually enjoyed neat.
Languages
Dutch is the official language of the Netherlands, with the Frisian language group recognised as the second language in the northern province of Friesland. Over 90% of Dutch people speak English to a high level of competence, and many people also speak a good level of German and French. Most Dutch people are expected to learn and speak non-native languages fluently from an early age.
Accents and Dialects
Considering its size, the Netherlands has a wide range of dialects and accents, some varying from town to town in the same area. Some dialects can be difficult to understand but in most cities, standard Dutch is widely used. The Low Saxon dialects (Gronings, Drents, Limburg, and Brabants) are spoken in the east of the country and The Zeeuws group of dialects are spoken in the Zeeland area. Many Dutch dialects are related to Flemish (or Belgian Dutch), which is a West Germanic variation of the Dutch language spoken in neighbouring Belgium.
Weather
The Netherlands has a rainy climate with cool summers and mild, humid winters. The average high in summer is around 22°C and temperatures drop to an average low of 1°C in winter. The country sees around 185 days of rainfall each year so it’s important always to carry an umbrella and raincoat – as the Dutch do!
Safety and Security
The Netherlands has low crime rates in comparison to other European countries but care should be taken in large cities such as Amsterdam where tourists frequently fall prey to pickpockets, bag snatchers, and other petty thieves. Bicycle theft is a common problem and the Dutch authorities estimate around 700,000 bikes were stolen in 2022. It’s wise to keep your bicycle locked and parked in a designated bike stand. Bikes that have been removed by city officials or found without an owner are taken to the local Bicycle Depository (Fietsdepot).
System Structure
The Netherlands has an exceptionally high standard of state-funded education and full-time schooling is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16/17. Primary education (basisschool) is attended from age 4 or 5 to age 12 and covers eight grades (or groeps) of schooling. Following primary education, students are placed within three branches of secondary education (middelbare scholen), according to vocation and aptitude. The type of secondary education assigned to pupils is determined by the final grade 8 examination results and the advice of the grade 8 teacher. Students stay in secondary school until they have gained a diploma at age 18, when they can then choose to enter higher education. The education system is governed by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap).
Academic Year
Academic terms in the Netherlands exist only at higher education level (from September to June). State schools are free to set their yearly timetables and major school holidays have staggered start times according to region, making it easier for Dutch families to travel outside of busy times.
The school day begins at 8.30 am and ends at around 3 pm, Monday to Friday, although again, schools have a degree of autonomy in how they organise their timetables. Most primary schools are closed on Wednesday afternoons.
Higher Education
The Netherlands has one of the oldest and most highly-regarded systems of higher education in the world, with some institutions dating back to the 16th century. Five Dutch universities feature in the top 100 of the QS World University Rankings, with the highest places being taken by The University of Amsterdam (55th) and the Delft University of Technology (64th). Dutch higher education is state-funded and divided into two types of education; research-oriented degrees offered by research universities (universiteiten, WO) and ‘higher professional’ degrees offered by universities of applied sciences (hogescholen, HBO), which prepare students for specific arts or science-based careers. There are 14 research universities and 41 universities of applied sciences. The type of university students choose depends on the diploma they gained at secondary school.
Funding
The standard annual tuition fee for all Dutch and EU students is €2,314 for the academic year 2023-2024. (£1,991), but can be higher for more specialised courses. In some circumstances, students from the EU can also apply for Dutch state grants.
Students from outside the EU will pay between €6,000 and €12,000 per year. There are a variety of scholarships options available to these students such as the Holland Scholarship, which is financed by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
Courses
All university courses (WO and HBO) are divided into a bachelor-masters system. A HBO Bachelor’s degree takes four years to complete and a WO degree around three years. A Master’s degree can take up to two years, depending on the course of study. Dutch universities are popular among international students, as more than 1,500 courses are taught entirely in English, ranging from short training seminars to Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programmes. The Netherlands has the largest offering of English-taught degree programmes in continental Europe, outside of the UK. Students can apply to university in the Netherlands through the Studielink portal, which tells you if your qualifications are suitable.
Research
The Netherlands is recognised worldwide for the high standard of its research-led institutions, which place great emphasis on furthering research traditions. The country’s universities have produced a wealth of Nobel Prize winners and world-leading scientists. The national research council, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), receives over €400million per year from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. The organisation funds top researchers and aims to further Dutch innovation and progress in science.
Primary and Secondary Education
Primary school education (basisscholen) is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 12. Pupils follow a core curriculum of Dutch, science, maths, and English, with many learning other foreign languages from an early age. Primary school has eight grades, groep 1 (group 1) through to groep 8 (group 8) and is free to all children, regardless of nationality, although parents are expected to make an annual contribution to extra-curricular activities. On reaching groep 8 (aged 12) students are required to sit the ‘Cito final test of primary education’ (Citotoets), the results of which will determine their route into secondary education.
Secondary education is divided into three branches as follows:
- VMBO (Voorbereidend Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs): pre-vocational secondary education, for students wishing to enter a vocational career.
- HAVO (Hoger Algemeen Voortgezet Onderwijs): Senior general secondary education, for students who wish to prepare for a Bachelor’s degree at university.
- VWO (Voorbereidend Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs): pre-university education for those wishing to take a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree at university.
The curriculum at all types of secondary school is basically the same for the first three years before students branch off into more specialised subjects. English is a compulsory subject throughout all types of secondary education.
Pre-school
Children can attend pre-school (peuterspeelzaal) in the Netherlands from between age two-and-a-half to age four or five, when they begin primary school. Pre-school education is provided Monday to Friday for 3 or 5 hours (according to parents’ wishes) and the cost is split between parents, their employers, and the government. Parental contributions to pre-school education are means-tested according to income. Children attending Dutch pre-school follow a programme of play-centred education, sports, and music.
Geographical Variation
The cost of living in the Netherlands has risen steadily in recent years, especially since the adoption of the Euro in 2002. However, in comparison with many other European countries – such as the UK – it still offers a relatively cheap lifestyle. Property prices and rents can be high in the larger cities, mainly due to the country’s large population and relative lack of affordable housing. The Netherlands also has some of the highest income taxes in the world, with top earners paying up to 52% above the tax threshold. However, the average monthly salary of €2178 (£1,533.37) after tax is correspondingly high, and expats moving to the Netherlands will enjoy an excellent standard of living.
Accommodation
Property prices in the Netherlands have fluctuated since the global economic downturn in 2008 and with such a dense population, competition for attractive homes is fierce, particularly in Amsterdam and The Hague. There are no restrictions on foreign nationals purchasing property in the Netherlands, however, getting a mortgage may be difficult for first-time buyers on middle to low incomes.
Although the Dutch are a nation of homeowners, the majority of expats moving to the Netherlands choose to rent a property. Rental prices have rocketed in recent years, due to the market being flooded by residents who now cannot afford to buy. A small one bedroom apartment in the centre of Amsterdam can set you back around €1,204.87 (£1,036.83)/month. Again, with a lack of affordable rental properties available, many are taken before they are even advertised. The best way to find a rental property is through an estate agent used to dealing with expats such as Dutch Real Estate or Funda.
Most landlords ask for a security deposit (borg) of one to two month’s rent. Tenancy agreements can be indefinite or for a fixed time period. The tenant usually has to give one month’s notice before leaving the property.
Property Tax
There are a variety of property taxes homeowners must pay, such as the real estate tax (onroerendezaakbelasting) which is based on the value of the property, the refuse collection tax (afvalstoffenheffing – AFV) and two water taxes covering maintenance and a pollution levy. For renters, these taxes are divided between the landlord and tenant or paid wholly by the tenant.
Utilities
The cost of utilities in the Netherlands depends on your usage, but prices are high in comparison to other European countries. The energy market was privatised in 2002 and there are a number of companies to choose from, most offering combined gas and electricity packages. The exception to this is water, where each property has a single designated supplier. Access to the internet is widely available in the Netherlands and most communications companies offer a range of broadband, phone, and TV packages.
The basic cost of utilities (gas, water, electricity, refuse) for an 85m² apartment is around €162.74 (£114) per month. Broadband, phone and TV packages start at around €27 (£19) per month.
TV Licence
There is no TV licence fee in the Netherlands, although public channels are limited. Since 2000, The Netherlands Public Broadcasting has been funded by government subsidy and advertising. Most households now opt for cable or satellite TV.
Healthcare and medical costs
The healthcare system in the Netherlands underwent major reform in 2006 and is now funded entirely through private insurance. This is in stark contrast with most other European countries, where funding for healthcare is based on a national health system or single payment. However, the standard of Dutch healthcare is exceptionally high and insurance companies are tightly regulated by the government. Health insurance is mandatory for all residents and is divided into two levels:
- Zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw), often called ‘basic insurance’ and covers standard medical care.
- Wet Langdurige Zorg (WLZ) covers long-term nursing and care.
Private insurance companies in the Netherlands must offer a core universal package for primary care, which includes the cost of all prescription medicines. The cost of a basic insurance package is around €120-€150 (£103.29-£129.11) per month with another social healthcare contribution taken from income. Whether to take out Dutch health insurance depends on the length of your stay. Those from the EU can access emergency treatment through a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) and expats from outside the EU must have a private international health insurance policy. Expats (EU and Non-EU) are required to take out a mandatory Dutch healthcare policy on becoming resident in the country. For more information consult the Dutch government website here.
Shopping
The Netherlands has a wide variety of large department stores and supermarket chains, as well as specialist independent retailers, which are often more expensive. As well as Dutch supermarket chains such as Albert Heijn and Vomar, you will also find the German discount stores Aldi and Lidl. Major UK food and clothing retailer, Marks and Spencer, also have branches in Amsterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. Most Dutch people like to shop for their groceries each day at independent cheese, bread, or butcher shops, and browsing some of the Netherlands’ many delicatessens is a good way to spend a Saturday! The cost of groceries is low in comparison to some Western European countries such as the UK and France. Shoppers should be aware that stores are generally open until 6pm, with very limited hours on Sundays.
Sales Tax
The Dutch VAT or sales tax rate for most goods and services is currently set at 21%. In the Netherlands, there are also two exceptional rates: the 9% rate and the 0% rate (zero rate).
Price Guide
- Rent 1-bedroom apartment in city centre – €1,204.87 (£1,039.01)
- Rent 1-bedroom apartment outside city centre – €968.82 (£835.45)
- Price of apartment per square metre in city centre – €5,016.38 (£4,325.63)
- Price of apartment per square metre outside city centre – €3,675.66 (£3,169.24)
- Loaf of bread – €1.72 (£1.48)
- Milk (1 litre) – €1.10 (£0.95)
- Bottled water (1.5 litre) – €0.69 (£0.59)
- Draught beer (0.5 litre) – €1.17 (£1.01)
- Packet of cigarettes – €8.20 (£7.07)
- Petrol (1 litre) – €2.04 (£1.76)
- Cinema ticket – €12.00 (£10.34)
Source: www.numbeo.com (accessed August 2023)
Budgeting and Savings
There are a number of price comparison sites that help consumers save, such as Verelijk. Food shopping at discount supermarkets such as Aldi or Lidl, and renting an apartment outside of city centres can also significantly cut costs.
Driving
The Netherlands has one of the most extensive road networks in the world, with well-maintained motorways (autosnelweg) and dual carriageways. All roads are toll-free and over a quarter have dedicated cycle tracks. Drivers will encounter a large number of cyclists on most roads, particularly in cities where bicycles significantly outnumber cars. With its large population and small size, you can expect heavy traffic congestion on Dutch roads, both in cities on and the motorway.
Cars drive on the right in the Netherlands. Speed limits on motorways are 130km/h (80mph), 100km/h (60 mph) on dual carriageways, and 50km/h (30mph) in built-up areas. It is compulsory to carry a driving licence, car registration papers, and insurance documents while driving. Drivers from an EU member state can use their European Driving Licence, those from outside the EU who intend to stay in the country must exchange their licence for a Dutch one.
Taxis
Taxis are widely available in the Netherlands, and are useful when the public transport system shuts down at night. Taxis can be hailed in the street, although beware that they are not permitted to stop where they like so it is better to find a designated taxi rank. Fares are calculated on a meter and the driver will give you a receipt at the end of your journey.
Buses and Coaches
The Netherlands has a well-organised bus network which offers a cheap way of getting around towns and cities. Most services run every 10-30 minutes. All public transport in the Netherlands, including buses, metro, trams, and some trains is paid for using the OV-chipkaart swipecard system. There are two types of chipcard; ‘anonymous’, which anyone can buy from one of the OV-chipkaart machines situated in bus and train stations, or ‘personal’, which you can apply for online. You swipe your card in a machine on boarding and getting off public transport.
The Netherlands has an excellent rail network so coaches are often overlooked as a viable travel option. However, it is possible to travel cross-country by coach, which is a cheaper alternative to trains. You can also travel to and around the Netherlands from other European countries by coach, tickets can be booked through Eurolines.
Trains
The rail network in the Netherlands is well-developed and efficient, offering an affordable and convenient way to travel around this small country. Intercity and local trains (stoptreinen) run regularly, allowing passengers to easily reach any part of the country within a matter of hours. A high-speed rail service is available from Amsterdam, Schiphol, via The Hague and Rotterdam to Belgium and Paris, on the Thalys or TVG trains. All train tickets must be purchased prior to travelling, and most stations now accept the OV chipkaart (see above). You can check timetables and book online at Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Netherlands Railways)
Trams and light rail
Trams are popular in the Netherlands and are seen as an eco-friendly mode of transport. Tram systems are in operation in Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, and Utrecht and they run from 6am until around midnight. Amsterdam also has a mixed metro and light rail network, with three routes connecting Amsterdam Central station to the outer suburbs. Rotterdam also operates a metro system, consisting of two lines.
Air travel
Amsterdam Schiphol International Airport is the Netherland’s main international airport. It is one of the busiest airports in the world in terms of passenger traffic, with connections worldwide. Eindhoven International Airport and Groningen Airport also provide European and domestic connections. The largest airline is KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) which flies to 130 destinations around the world.
The Netherlands is a small country so there are only a couple of domestic airlines that provide internal connections, including KLM’s Cityhopper which connects Amsterdam, Eindhoven, and Maastricht. However, most visitors choose to get around the country by train, coach, or car.
Other ways to get around
Cycling is the transport of choice in the Netherlands, a country with more bicycles than residents. They say there is no happier cyclist than the Dutch cyclist, and this is probably true – the Netherlands has a vast network of wide cycle lanes, row upon row of bicycle parking facilities, and flat roads, making it a cyclist’s paradise. Bike rental shops, such as Yellow Bike in Amsterdam, can be found in every village, town, and city.
Another great way to see the country is to take advantage of the Netherland’s hundreds of canals and waterways by renting a boat, canoe, or ‘water bike’ (pedalo). Regular ferries also connect Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and the Hook of Holland with the UK.
Working hours
Under Dutch law, you are allowed to work a maximum of nine hours a day and 45 hours a week. A quirk of the legislation stipulates that employees can only work a maximum of 2,080 hours a year, which equates to a 40 hour week. Dutch workers tend to follow a Monday to Friday week with the working day starting at 9am and finishing at 6pm. Workers are entitled to take two 15 minute breaks and a 90 minute lunch break. Many workers opt to work through their breaks and eat lunch at their desks so they can leave at 5pm. It is rare to see Dutch people working late into the night or at the weekend.
Holidays
Holiday entitlement in the Netherlands is on a par with most European countries with workers being eligible to 20 to 25 days of holiday a year. The Dutch usually take most of their holidays off in the summer with July and August often being referred to as ‘dead months’ for businesses. All workers are entitled to holiday pay. Maternity and parental leave is protected under the Work and Care Act which aims to promote a work-life balance for parents. It is illegal to turn a woman down for a job just because she is pregnant. Employees are entitled to 16 weeks’ maternity leave on full pay, by law.
Public holidays
There are nine public holidays in the Netherlands. Although not national holidays, the two Second World War Remembrance Days are often marked by closing shops and businesses.
Public holiday dates
New Year’s Day: 1st January
Good Friday: 29th March
Easter Sunday: 31st March
Easter Monday: 10st April
King’s Day: 27th April
Liberation Day: 5th May
Ascension Day: 9th May
Whit Monday: 20th May
Christmas Day: 25th December
St Stephens Day: 26th December
Visas and eligibility
EU citizens, with some exceptions, are permitted to travel to the Netherlands without additional documentation thanks to the freedom of movement within the European Union. Depending on your nationality, for stays of up to 90 days, you will probably need a Schengen visa, unless you are just passing through, in which case you can apply for a transit visa in your home country. If you want to stay longer than 90 days you need to apply for a ‘machtiging tot voorlopig verblijf’ or an MVV. Different rules apply for people from different countries but to apply for a visa you can visit a Dutch mission (embassy) in the country where you live. Dutch people cannot apply for a visa on your behalf. Schengen visas and transit visas cost around €80 (£68.96) with child visas costing €40 (£34.48).
Tax
In the Netherlands, the tax year runs from 1 January to 31 December. Citizens must file their tax return before 1 April for the previous year. Income tax is regulated by the Income Tax Law 2001 and comprises a basic pension and national insurance contributions. Income tax rates are famously high in the Netherlands, with those earning over €73,031 (£62,933.17) paying up to 49.5% in tax. If you are moving to the Netherlands to work in a highly skilled area you may be eligible for the 30% Tax Facility, also known as the 30% Ruling, which allows employers to compensate expat workers for the cost of moving to the country. You need to have permission from the Tax and Customs Administration to apply. If you are eligible, you may also apply for non-resident taxpayer status which can have additional advantages. One of these being that non-EU expats can receive a Dutch driving licence without the need to retake their test.
Pensions
Pensions in the Netherlands are known as the ‘Three Pillars’ comprised of a basic pension residents receive when they are 65 (likely to rise to 67 by 2023), a labour-based pension which is negotiated with an employer, and an annuity, where individuals contribute to an insurance plan which are often used as a tax break. The Dutch principle for pensions is that the amount should be close to a worker’s final salary. In 2014 the basic pension (Algemene Ouderdomswet, AOW), contributions were 17.9% of the gross salary. The amount of pension you receive will depend on your earnings and your final salary. Your final figure may be reduced if you move out of the Netherlands and return later.
Benefits
The Dutch social security system is accessible to expats, with unemployment and incapacity support among the benefits that can be claimed depending on individual circumstances. The law states that unemployment benefits are paid at 75% of your last wage. After two months out of work, this is reduced to 70%. To be eligible for unemployment benefits you need to have worked a minimum of 26 out of 36 weeks before you apply for support. Other benefits include childcare, tax credits, and rent allowance, depending on income and the value of the property. Visit the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment website for more details.
Disability
The rights of disabled people in the Netherlands are enshrined in the Dutch Constitution. Since 2003, with the Act on Equal Treatment of Disabled and Chronically Ill People, employers have been legally bound to make suitable adaptations to help disabled workers. The Dutch care system provides broad support for disabled people, including those suffering from mental and psychological problems, through its laws and care facilities across the country.
Organisational Structure
The business structure in the Netherlands is considered to be one of the flattest and most egalitarian in the world. There is a deep-rooted system of industrial democracy in place, where everyone has a right to contribute to overall decision-making. Business is seen as a team effort and respect is acquired through diligence, transparent communication channels, and a commitment to consensus within the team.
The Netherlands has the 18th largest economy in the world and is also one of the richest nations, in terms of GDP per capita. The country has a long history of successful international trade and is home to some of the world’s most famous brands, such as Shell Oil, Unilever, and Philips.
Management Style
Dutch managers are rarely authoritarian and instead prefer to be seen as the person who holds influence with other managers, rather than the decision-maker-in-chief. In adherence to the national culture of consensus and equality, managers consider the opinions of each member of their team. This open style promotes transparency when it comes to making business decisions and underhand tactics are widely discouraged.
Formality
Business tends to be informal, yet highly professional in the Netherlands. In some professions, such as law, medicine, or academia, formal titles are often used but in general, colleagues arrive at first-name terms quickly. No matter how formal a meeting or business setting is, Dutch people express their opinions openly and directly.
Relationships
Dutch people are incredibly tolerant, friendly, and used to doing business with foreigners. In building business relationships, it is important to demonstrate how you can be mutually successful in an honest and direct way. Although co-workers are seen as equal and business relationships can be informal, and injected with humour, Dutch people prefer to leave their private lives outside the business environment and would not welcome ‘over-friendliness.’ It is also important to remember that family and personal time is very important in the Netherlands so try to keep appointments within designated business hours.
Dress Code
Business attire in the Netherlands depends on the industry or profession. In more formal professions Dutch men usually wear a smart suit, shirt, and tie and women a smart business dress, or trouser suit. Casual dress, such as jeans and a smart shirt or top is acceptable in some more laid-back professions such as marketing or IT. Remember that many people cycle to work so business attire is often practical and easily tied down with bicycle clips! Due to the heavy rainfall in the Netherlands, it is probably best to carry an umbrella and raincoat.
Greetings
A firm handshake is the accepted greeting in a Dutch business setting, for men and women. This is particularly true if meeting for the first time, kissing, and hugging would not be acceptable between strangers. A handshake saying goodbye at the end of a meeting is also good practice. However, for those who know each other in a social situation, kissing three times (between women and women and women and men, not men and men) the ‘Dutch Three Kisses,’ is the cultural norm. If involved in some Dutch kissing, ensure you follow the correct rules – air kisses (not wet smackers!) first on the right cheek, then left, then right again.
Punctuality
The Dutch are good timekeepers and being on time to meetings is expected. Although lateness is sometimes inevitable, it’s best to call ahead if you are going to be more than five to ten minutes late. Being punctual with the delivery of goods or services is also expected in a Dutch commercial relationship so you should always try to keep to deadlines.
Meetings
Inevitably, consensus-building and a broad teamwork approach means long meetings, where everyone is given sufficient opportunity to have their say and contribute to proceedings. Meetings are forums for open and frank debate and participants stay until the issues have been discussed and, hopefully, resolved. Dutch business meetings generally follow a pre-agreed agenda and there is usually an independent minute-taker tasked with keeping the meeting moving along. It is important to understand that Dutch people communicate in a frank, and often blunt, manner and expect participants to be as direct as them. This should not be misunderstood as rudeness, and indeed it is unusual to hear raised voices in even the most forthright meetings.
Cultural Sensitivity
Dutch people have a direct approach to business, as in other areas of life, so it is important to avoid being pretentious or arrogant. Obvious self-promotion would be met with distaste in a business setting. It is important that any success in business is attributed to the team rather than assumed by any individual. Although Dutch people favour an open and frank communication style, commenting on someone’s private issues or their appearance in a business or social setting would be seen as highly offensive.
Business Language
Most business in the Netherlands is done in Dutch. However, Dutch people are masters of foreign languages, particularly English, German, and French, and can negotiate successfully in these languages easily. It is not uncommon for an entire meeting with multiple participants, to be carried out in English should a non-Dutch speaker be present.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a small country in North West Europe, bordered by Germany, Belgium and the North Sea. It is often referred to as ‘Holland’ because two of its twelve provinces, North and South Holland, were independent states until 1813.